Tumor Microenvironment and Cell Fusion

Table 2

Tumor microenvironment factors affecting cell fusion.

Factor	Role	Significance	References
Virus	Enhance cell fusion	Cause chromosomal instability and initiate HPV-associated cancer	[89, 90]
Hypoxia	Promote cell fusion	Promote tumor invasiveness and metastasis	[18, 67, 91]
TNF-α	Promote cell adhesion and fusion	Generate tumor stem-like cells; acquire drug resistance and enhance survival	[50, 66, 87, 88, 91]