The Empowerment of Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Is Associated with Their Executive Functions

Table 1

Clinical features of the comparison group and adolescents with T1DM included in the study.

	Comparison group	Adolescents with T1DM
Number of patients	N=112	N=147
Sex Male / Female	52 (46.4%) / 60 (53.6%)	69 (47.0%) / 78 (53.0%)
Age in years (mean ±SD)	15.8 ± 1.6	16.0 ± 1.4
SDS-BMI (mean ±SD)	0.78 ± 1.3	0.73 ± 1.2
Age of diabetes onset (mean ±SD)	-	8.7 ± 3.7
Disease duration (mean ±SD)	-	7.2 ± 3.7
Therapy: pumps / pens	-	116 (78.9%) / 31 (21.1%)
HbA1c % (mean ±SD)	-	8.5 ± 2.3%
Dose of insulin (mean U/kg/day)	-	0.78
Glycaemia measurements / day (mean ±SD)	-	5.6 ± 2.2
Celiac disease = gluten free diet	-	14 (9.5%)
Hashimoto disease	-	23 (15.6%)
Hypertension / nephropathy	-	6 (4.0%)

There were no statistically significant differences between adolescents treated with the pens and with the pump in the clinical parameters mentioned in Table 1.