| | | | Survivors | Hospital deaths | P value | | n = 20 | n = 11 |
| | Age, years, median (IQR) | 61 (41–66) | 71 (49–83) | 0.08 | | Sex, female (%) | 15 (75) | 7 (64) | 0.68 | | Body weight, kg, median (IQR) | 43 (36–53) | 52 (39–70) | 0.09 | | History of abdominal surgery, n (%) | 3 (15) | 4 (36) | 0.21 | | Interstitial lung disease, n (%) | 2 (10) | 5 (45) | 0.07 | | Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 4 (20) | 8 (73) | 0.007 | | Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 6 (30) | 4 (36) | 1.00 | | Underlying disease | RA, n (%) | 4 (20) | 1 (9) | 0.63 | | SLE, n (%) | 6 (30) | 1 (9) | 0.37 | | SSc. n (%) | 2 (10) | 1 (9) | 1.00 | | PM/DM, n (%) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 1.00 | | MCTD, n (%) | 2 (10) | 1 (9) | 1.00 | | Vasculitis, n (%) | 4 (20) | 6 (55) | 0.11 | | PMR, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (9) | 0.36 | | AOSD, n (%) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 1.00 | | Duration of underlying disease, months, median (IQR) | 108 (62–76) | 26 (61–83) | 0.57 | | Dosage of GCs at autoimmune rheumatic disease diagnosis, mg/day, median (IQR) | 25 (11–48) | 20 (8–30) | 0.26 | | Dosage of GCs at LIPs, mg/day, median (IQR) | 15 (10–40) | 30 (15–40) | 0.23 | | Immunosuppressive agents at perforation, n (%) | 7 (35) | 7 (64) | 0.26 | | NSAIDs at the time of perforation, n (%) | 3 (15) | 1 (9) | 1.00 | | Absence of abdominal pain at perforation, n (%) | 1 (5) | 4 (36) | 0.042 | | White blood cell count, /μl, median (IQR) | 9750 (6650–14900) | 9400 (5200–14000) | 0.67 | | Lymphocyte count, /μl, median (IQR) | 455 (314–723) | 418 (194–1190) | 0.58 | | Hemoglobin, g/dL, median (IQR) | 9.9 (8.6–11.7) | 9.6 (8.5–11.7) | 1.00 | | Albumin, g/dL, median (IQR) | 2.5 (2.1–2.9) | 2.8 (2.4–3.3) | 0.45 | | Lactate dehydrogenase, IU/L, median (IQR) | 219 (171–408) | 241 (187–397) | 0.43 | | Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 18 (11–26) | 37 (26–74) | 0.008 | | Serum creatinine, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 0.59 (0.36–1.02) | 1.32 (0.81–3.83) | 0.002 | | Amylase, IU/L, median (IQR) | 91 (54–284) | 89 (73–368) | 0.64 | | Plasma sodium, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 137 (131–141) | 135 (131–139) | 0.73 | | Plasma potassium, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 3.8 (3.3–4.5) | 4.4 (3.6–4.7) | 0.24 | | CRP, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 7.7 (2.6–27.3) | 7 (3.4–15.3) | 0.76 | | IgG, g/dL, median (IQR) | 968 (676–1361) | 892 (771–1142) | 0.70 | | Cause of perforation | Diverticulitis, n (%) | 10 (50) | 4 (36) | 0.71 | | Autoimmune rheumatic diseases, n (%) | 3 (15) | 1 (9) | 1.00 | | Malignancy, n (%) | 1 (5) | 2 (18) | 0.28 | | Unknown, n (%) | 6 (30) | 4 (36) | 1.00 | | Perforation location | Ileum, n (%) | 4 (20) | 1 (9) | 0.63 | | Appendix, n (%) | 3 (15) | 0 (0) | 0.54 | | Colon, n (%) | 13 (65) | 9 (82) | 0.43 | | Rectum, n (%) | 1 (5) | 2 (18) | 0.28 | | Elective operation, n (%) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 1.00 | | Emergent operations, n (%) | 19 (95) | 11 (100) | 1.00 | | Operations | Colostomy, n (%) | 6 (30) | 6 (55) | 0.26 | | Hartmann’s operation, n (%) | 8 (40) | 4 (36) | 1.00 | | Resection, n (%) | 4 (20) | 0 (0) | 0.27 | | Appendectomy, n (%) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 1.00 | | Drainage for perforation and omental flap, n (%) | 1 (5) | 1 (9) | 1.00 | | PMX–DHP, n (%) | 9 (45) | 5 (45) | 1.00 | | Methylprednisolone pulse therapy after LIPs, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | N/A | | Dosage of GCs after LIPs, mg/day, median (IQR) | 15 (10–30) | 20 (10-55) | 0.43 | | Immunosuppressive agents after LIPs, n (%) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.65 | | Days in ICU, median (IQR) | 7 (2–11) | 13 (6–18) | 0.15 | | Days of hospitalization, median (IQR) | 103 (41–163) | 97 (25–109) | 0.21 |
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IQR: interquartile range, RA; rheumatoid arthritis, SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus, SSc: systemic sclerosis, PM/DM: polymyositis/dermatomyositis, MCTD: mixed connective tissue disease, PMR: polymyalgia rheumatica, AOSD: adult-onset Still’s disease, GCs; glucocorticoids, LIPs; lower intestinal perforations, NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, WBC: white blood cell, CRP: C-reactive protein, IgG: immunoglobulin G, PMX-DHP: direct hemoperfusion with polymyxin B–immobilized fiber, ICU: intensive care unit, N/A: not applicable. P < 0.05. P < 0.01. |
