Research Article
Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Adverse Outcomes of Hyperkalemia in Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure Patients
Table 1
Characteristics of all patients according to the presence of hyperkalemia.
| | variables | without hyperkalemia | With hyperkalemia | P-value | | N=571 | N=79 |
| | Age (years) | | | 0.028 | | Male-n% | 436(76.4) | 65(82.3) | 0.241 | | Diabetes-n% | 104(18.2) | 15(19.0) | 0.868 | | Hypertension-n% | 74(13.0) | 13(16.5) | 0.392 | | Etiology of cirrhosis-n () | | | | | Hepatitis B | 327(57.3) | 34(43.0) | 0.017 | | Alcoholic | 155(27.1) | 35(44.3) | 0.002 | | Hepatitis B plus alcoholic | 30(5.3) | 5(6.3) | 0.896 | | Others | 59(10.3) | 5(6.3) | 0.263 | | Medications-n | | | | | Diuretic (frusemide/spironolactone) | 493(86.3) | 68(86.1) | 0.993 | | Potassium chloride | 263(46.1) | 33(41.8) | 0.473 | | Potassium citrate granules | 279(48.9) | 34(43.0) | 0.332 | | Beta-blockers | 37(6.5) | 5(6.3) | 0.959 | | Complications of cirrhosis-n | | | | | Ascites | 473(82.8) | 67(84.8) | 0.661 | | Bacterial infection | 458(80.2) | 74(93.7) | 0.004 | | Hepatic encephalopathy | 173(30.3) | 33(41.8) | 0.040 | | Acute kidney injury | 198(34.7) | 61(77.2) | <0.001 | | Gastrointestinal bleeding | 111(19.4) | 28(35.4) | 0.001 | | Clinical and laboratory data at admission | | | | | MAP(mmHg) | | | 0.001 | | Heart rate(beats/minute) | | | 0.658 | | WBC(×109/L) | | | <0.001 | | PLT(×109/L) | 78.0(51.0-123.5) | 98.5(48.0-130.0) | 0.589 | | ALB(g/L) | | | 0.026 | | TBIL(μmol/L ) | 216.9(130.2-321.2) | 144.2(104.5-299.7) | 0.128 | | INR | 2.1(1.7-2.6) | 2.2(1.8-2.9) | 0.177 | | BUN(mmol/L) | 5.4(4.0-8.9) | 9.6(5.2-14.4) | <0.001 | | Serum Cr(μmol/L) | 61.0(49.0-84.0) | 87.0(58.0-122.0) | <0.001 | | Serum Na+ (mmol/L) | 134.1(130.3-137.1) | 131.3(125.1-135.6) | <0.001 | | Serum K+ (mmol/L) | 3.9(3.4-4.3) | 4.7(3.7-5.5) | <0.001 | | CTP score | 12.0(10.0-13.0) | 12.0(11.0-13.0) | 0.066 | | MELD score | | | <0.001 | | CLIF-SOFA score | 7.0(6.0-8.0) | 7.0(7.0-11.0) | 0.002 | | Number of deaths-n% | 204(35.7) | 57(72.2) | <0.001 |
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MAP, mean arterial pressure; WBC, white blood cells; PLT, platelet; ALB, albumin; TBIL, total bilirubin; INR, international normalized ratio; BUN, blood uria nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; CTP, Child-Turcotte-Pugh; MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; CLIF-SOFA, chronic liver failure-sequential organ failure assessment.
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