Research Article

Anatomical Variations of the Pectoralis Major Muscle: Notes on Their Impact on Pectoral Nerve Innervation Patterns and Discussion on Their Clinical Relevance

Table 1

The incidence of different types of anatomical variations of the pectoralis major muscle (PM).

Type of anatomical variationIncidence [%] in male cadavers (n = 22)Incidence [%] in female cadavers (n = 18)Total incidence [%] in examined cadavers
(n = 40)
Total incidence [%] for all examined specimens (n = 80)

Typical morphology of PMBilaterally: 13 cadavers (13/22 = 59.1%);
Unilaterally: 1 cadaver (1/22 = 4.5%)
Bilaterally: 12 cadavers (12/18 = 66.7%)Bilaterally: 25 cadavers (25/40 = 62.5%);
Unilaterally; 1 (1/40 = 2.5%)
51 specimens
(51/80 = 63.75%)

Separation of clavicular portion of PMBilaterally: 6 cadavers (6/22 = 27.3%)Bilaterally: 5 cadavers (5/18 = 27.7%)Bilaterally: 11 cadavers (11/40 = 27.5%)22 specimens
(22/80 = 27.5%)

Atypical division of PM (clavicular portion fused with upper fibers of sternocostal portion)Unilaterally: 1 cadaver (1/22 = 4.5%)-Unilaterally: 1 cadaver (1/40 = 2.5%)1 specimen
(1/80 = 1.25%)

Hypotrophy of clavicular portion of PM-Bilaterally: 1 cadaver (1/18 = 5.6%)Bilaterally: 1 cadaver (1/40 = 2.5%)2 specimens
(2/80 = 2.5%)

Fusion between the clavicular portion of PM and the deltoid muscleComplete (absence of deltopectoral groove): 1 cadaver (1/22 = 4.5%);
Partial (deep fibers fused): 1 cadaver (1/22 = 4.5%)
Total: 2 cadavers (2/22 = 9.1%)
-Complete (absence of deltopectoral groove): 1 cadaver (1/40 = 2.5%);
Partial (deep fibers fused): 1 cadaver (1/40 = 2.5%)
Total: 2 cadavers (2/40 = 5%)
Complete (absence of deltopectoral groove): 2 specimens (2/80 = 2.5%);
Partial (deep fibers fused): 2 specimens (2/80 = 2.5%);
Total incidence of fusion: 4 specimens (4/80 = 5%)

Presence of the sternalis muscle-Unilaterally: 1 cadaver (1/18 = 5.6%)Unilaterally: 1 cadaver (1/40 = 2.5%)1 specimen
(1/80 = 1.25%)