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Parameters | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | Biolistic transformation | References |
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Genotype dependency | High | Less | [5] |
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Stability of expression of transgenes | High | High for Minimal Expression Cassettes (MEC), lower for plasmids | [6, 7] |
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Copy number of inserts | Around 50% single copy; Depends on the strain and transformation conditions | <50%; Depends on the amount of DNA/shot. More multicopy inserts | [7, 8] |
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Integration of the new genes | Random. More than one locus | Random. Often many at the same locus | [6] |
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Maximum transformation frequency (TF) for wheat (per 100 embryos treated) | Up to 90% | >70% | [8, 9] |
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Complexity of the transformation procedure in wheat | Simpler. Usually requires aseptic conditions | More complex. Requires aseptic conditions and a Biolistic Gun | [8, 10] |
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Main explants in wheat | Immature embryos | Immature embryos | [8, 10] |
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Complexity of vector construct preparation, co-transformation | More complex | Simpler | [11] |
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Maximum sizes of transferred inserts published | Up to 200 Kb | 150–164 Kb | [12–14] |
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Transfer of Т-DNA borders | Yes | No (for MEC) | [15] |
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Transfer of vector DNA | Possible | No (for MEC); Yes (for plasmids) | [15] |
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Transfer of bacterial chromosomal DNA | Possible | No (for MEC) | [16] |
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Marker free transformation in wheat | Possible | Possible | [17–19] |
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In planta transformation in wheat | Possible | Possible | [20–22] |
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Delivery of RNA, proteins, nanoparticles and dyes | No | Possible | [23] |
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Transformation of chloroplasts and mitochondria | No | Possible | [24, 25] |
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Transient gene expression in different tissues and organs of plants | Efficient for limited number of plant species | Efficient | [26–28] |
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