Noncoding RNAs Involved in the Pathogenesis of Ankylosing Spondylitis

Table 1

ncRNAs that are aberrantly expressed or have been shown to function in the pathogenesis of AS.

ncRNA	Signaling pathway(s)	Key signaling; molecule(s)	Model(s)	Associated; function(s)/mechanism(s)	Reference
miR-29a	Wnt	DKK1 and GSK3β	hFOB cells	Regulates TNFα and; pathogenic bone metabolism	[9]
miR-29a	Wnt	DKK1	PBMCs	Diagnostic marker of new; bone formation	[10]
miR-29a/miR-29c	Wnt	DKK1	osteoblasts	Post-transcriptional mechanisms for; osteonectin regulation	[11]
miR-130a	TNF	HDAC3	PBMCs	HDAC3 forms a negative feedback loop with; miR-130a and enhances; TNF-1α expression	[12]
miR-10b	TNF/T cell-mediated prosurvival	IL-17A/MAP3K7	Th17 cells	miR-10b acts in a feedback loop to suppress IL-17A by targeting; MAP3K7	[13]
lnc-ZNF354A-1/; lnc-LIN54-1/ lnc-FRG2C-3/ lnc-USP50-2	TGFβ-BMPs	TGFβ	MSCs	Pathological osteogenesis	[14]
hsa-miR-20a/ hsa-miR-300/ hsa-miR-185/ hsa-miR-30d/; hsa-miR-320a/ hsamiR- 130b/ hsa-miR-33a/; hsa-miR-155/; hsa-miR-222	TGFβ-BMPs	BMP2/osteocalcin/ Runx2	osteoclasts/ fibroblasts	Regulation of cell-cell interaction between osteoclasts and fibroblasts	[15]
miR-199a-5p	mTOR/T cell-mediated; prosurvival	Rheb	Th17 cell	Induces autophagy	[16]
miR-16/miR-221 /let-7i	T cell-mediated prosurvival	TLR-4/IFN-γ	T cells	Increased let-7i expression; facilitates immune response	[17]
miR-124	T cell-mediated; prosurvival	ANTXR2	Th1 cells	Induces autophagy	[18]
miR-155	NF-κB	IFN-β	osteoclasts	Selectively interacts with; both SOCS1 and MITF	[19]
miR-146a/ miR-155	—	—	serum samples	Novel complementary; biomarkers	[20]
hsa-miR-29/ hsa-miR-126-3p	—	—	PBMCs	Biomarkers and; provocative therapeutic targets	[21]
miR-21	—	PDCD4	whole blood	Development of AS	[22]

Abbreviations: PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells