Review Article

Efficacy of Virtual Reality Rehabilitation after Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review

Table 1

General descriptive characteristics of included studies (n = 25).

Time of publication
2000–2007O’connor et al. [26]
2008–2012Chen et al. [7]; Sayenko et al. [19]; Kowalczewski et al. [39]; Gil-Agudo et al. [28]; Sung et al. [29]
2013–2018Villiger et al. [14]; Carlozzi et al. [15]; Gaffurini et al. [21]; Hasnan et al. [22]; Dimbwadyo-Terrer et al. [16]; D’Addio et al. [20]; Dimbwadyo-Terrer et al. [10]; Fizzotti et al. [30]; Villiger et al. [31]; Wall et al. [13]; Dimbwadyo-Terrer et al. [27]; Jordan et al. [18]; Roosink et al. [17]; An and Park [32]; Khurana et al. [33]; Pozeg et al. [34]; Prasad et al. [35]; van Dijsseldonk et al. [36]; Villiger et al. [37]

Countries
SwitzerlandVilliger et al. [14]; Villiger et al. [31]; Pozeg et al. [34]; Villiger et al. [37]
USACarlozzi et al. [15]; O’connor et al. [26]; Wall et al. [13]
SpainDimbwadyo-Terrer et al. [10]; Dimbwadyo-Terrer et al. [27]; Gil-Agudo et al. [28]; Jordan et al. [18]; Dimbwadyo-Terrer et al. [16]
ItalyFizzotti et al. [30]; Gaffurini et al. [21]; D’Addio et al. [20]
CanadaKowalczewski et al. [39]; Roosink et al. [17]
JapanSayenko et al. [19]
SydneyHasnan et al. [22]
TaiwanChen et al. [7]; Sung et al. [29]
KoreaAn and Park [32]
IndiaKhurana et al. [33]; Prasad et al. [35]
Netherlandsvan Dijsseldonk et al. [36]

Type of VR
ImmersiveChen et al. [7]; Sayenko et al. [19]; Gil-Agudo et al. [28]; Carlozzi et al. [15]; Dimbwadyo-Terrer et al. [16]; Gaffurini et al. [21]; Hasnan et al. [22]; Villiger et al. [14]; D’Addio et al. [20]; Dimbwadyo-Terrer et al. [10]; Wall et al. [13]; Dimbwadyo-Terrer et al. [27]; Jordan et al. [18]; Roosink et al. [17]; Khurana et al. [33]; Pozeg et al. [34]; Prasad et al. [35]; van Dijsseldonk et al. [36]; Villiger et al. [37]
NonimmersiveO’connor et al. [26]; Sung et al. [29]; Fizzotti et al. [30]; Villiger et al. [31]; Kowalczewski et al. [39]
Semi-immersiveAn and Park [32]

Objective of rehabilitation (domain)
Motor functionKowalczewski et al. [39]; Gil-Agudo et al. [21]; Sung et al. [29]; Carlozzi et al. [15]; Dimbwadyo-Terrer et al. [16]; Villiger et al. [14]; Zimmerli et al. [38]; Dimbwadyo-Terrer et al. [10]; Fizzotti et al. [30]; Villiger et al. [31]; Wall et al. [13]; Dimbwadyo-Terrer et al. [27]; Roosink et al. [17]; An and Park [32]; Khurana et al. [33]; Prasad et al. [35]; Villiger et al. [37]; van Dijsseldonk et al. [36]
Aerobic functionO’connor et al. [26]; Gaffurini et al. [21]; Hasnan et al. [22]
PainVilliger et al. [14]; Jordan et al. [18]; Roosink et al. [17]; Pozeg et al. [34]
BalanceSayenko et al. [19]; D’Addio et al. [20]; Wall et al. [13]; An and Park [32]; van Dijsseldonk et al. [36]; Villiger et al. [31]
Psychologic aspectsChen et al. [7]; Pozeg et al. [34]; Villiger et al. [37]