Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury after Cardiac Surgery: A Narrative Review
Figure 1
Biomarkers of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI). Biomarkers of CSA-AKI are divided into four categories including renal tubule-associated biomarkers, nonrenal tubule-associated biomarkers, biomarkers of cardiac function, and biomarkers of inflammation. Other biomarkers that cannot be classified into the above types are listed as one category at the top left. CK-MB: creatine kinase-MB, H-FABP: heart fatty acid binding protein, NT-proBNP: N-tnd persistederminal prohormone of brain natriuretic, AngII: angiotensin II, NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, TIMP-2: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2, IGFBP-7: insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7, ApoM: apolipoprotein M, UMOD: urinary uromodulin, MMP-7: matrix metalloproteinase-7, IL: interleukin, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha, MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein-1, Gal-3: galectin-3, GSN: gelsolin, CYR61: cysteine-rich protein 61, GDF-15: growth differentiation factor 15, RFR: renal functional reserve, Alb: albumin, UA: uric acid, Hp2-2: 2-2 phenotype of haptoglobin, Hb: hemoglobin, PO2: oxygen tension, MiR-21: microRNA-21, UmtDNA: urinary mitochondrial DNA, and FGF23: fibroblast growth factor 23.