BioMed Research International

Review Article

Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury after Cardiac Surgery: A Narrative Review

Table 2

Clinical characteristics of biomarkers relevant to CSA-AKI.
  AKI detection
preoperative		 AKI detection
postoperative		Helpful for
diagnosis 		Severity
prediction 		Mortality
prediction
Non-renal tubule-associated biomarkersRFR
UA		Alb
phosphorus		RFR, Alb
phosphorus		UA 
Renal tubule-associated biomarkersUMODNGAL 
x  
ApoM, MMP-7		NGAL 
x
 
UMOD		MMP-7 
x  
ApoM		 MMP-7
Biomarkers of cardiac functionCK-MB
H-FABP
NT-proBNP		hsTnT
portal flow
pulsatility
AngII		CK-MB, hsTnT 
H-FABPv
NT-proBNP 
portal flow pulsatility		AngII AngII
Biomarkers of inflammationIL-6, 8
MCP-1
Gal-3
GDF-15		IL-18, TNF-α
MCP-1
GSN
CYR61		GSN 
GDF-15		IL-6, 8, 18 
TNF-α 
Gal-3 
CYR61		 
Other biomarkersHb
FGF23		Hp2-2
Hepcidin-25
Renal oximetry
Urinary PO2 
MiR-21
UmtDNA		Hp2-2, Hb 
Hepcidin-25 
Renal oximetry 
Urinary PO2 
MiR-21 
UmtDNA		UmtDNA 
FGF23		 Hp2-2 
Hb
CSA-AKI: cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury; AKI: acute kidney injury; CK-MB: creatine kinase-MB; H-FABP: heart fatty acid binding protein; NT-proBNP: N-tnd persistederminal prohormone of brain natriuretic; AngII: angiotensin II; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; TIMP-2: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2; IGFBP-7: insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; ApoM: apolipoprotein M; UMOD: urinary uromodulin; MMP-7: matrix metalloproteinase-7; IL: interleukin; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein-1; Gal-3: galectin-3; GSN: gelsolin; CYR61: cysteine-rich protein 61; GDF-15: growth differentiation factor 15; RFR: renal functional reserve; Alb: albumin; UA: uric acid; Hp2-2: 2-2 phenotype of haptoglobin; Hb: hemoglobin; PO2: oxygen tension; MiR-21: microRNA-21; UmtDNA: urinary mitochondrial DNA; FGF23: fibroblast growth factor 23.