Comparison of the Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training in Hypoxia and Normoxia in Healthy Male Volunteers: A Pilot Study

Table 4

Angiogenic factors and cytokine results before and after training in both training groups.


Variables	Pretraining		Posttraining			95% confidence interval for differences
Variables	Mean	SD	Mean	SD		Mean differences	Lower bound	Upper bound

Hypoxia group
HIF-1α_rest (ng/mL)	16.6	7.8	32.2	5.2	0.02	15.6	−20.2	−9.6
HIF-1α_max (ng/mL)	36.5	11.2	98.0	16.4	0.01	61.5	−74.7	−47.3
NO_rest (μmoL/L)	11.5	3.8	13.1	3.8	0.01	1.6	−2.4	−0.4
NO_max(μmoL/L)	12.8	6.1	15.9	6.0	0.05	3.1	−7.3	0.5
ADMA_rest (μmoL/L)	0.4	0.2	0.6	0.1	0.06	0.2	−0.3	−0.02
ADMA_max (μmoL/L)	0.7	0.3	0.6	0.3	0.07	−0.1	0	0.4
VEGF_rest (pg/mL)	15.9	8.4	20.6	7.5	0.10	4.7	−9.9	1.0
VEGF_max (pg/mL)	9.5	6.7	17.6	8.1	0.04	8.1	−16.1	−0.4
TGF-β_rest (pg/mL)	118.5	10.8	134.6	19.4	0.02	16.1	−23.0	−9.2
TGF-β_max (pg/mL)	129.4	22.6	158.0	34.8	0.01	28.6	−48.4	−8.6
TNF-α_rest (pg/mL)	24.2	9.8	35.7	14.2	0.07	11.5	−16.8	−5.3
TNF-α_max (pg/mL)	36.5	11.0	42.3	18.1	0.12	5.8	−13.8	1.8
IL-6_rest (pg/mL)	1.3	0.6	1.9	1.5	0.06	0.6	−1.3	−0.2
IL-6_max (pg/mL)	1.4	0.7	2.1	1.3	0.06	−0.1	−1.1	−0.1
IL-1β_rest (pg/mL)	3.1	1.9	5.9	3.6	0.06	2.8	−4.2	−2.0
IL-1β_max (pg/mL)	3.8	2.0	8.1	3.6	0.01	4.3	−0.3	0.2

Normoxia group
HIF-1α_rest (ng/mL)	18.6	8.1	20.1	10.7	0.61	1.5	−8.0	4.9
HIF-1α_max (ng/mL)	30.1	10.4	37.6	11.1	0.05	7.5	−10.8	−2.4
NO_rest (μmoL/L)	12.7	4.2	10.7	3.8	0.06	−2.0	1.0	3.1
NO_max(μmoL/L)	13.8	5.1	12.5	4.0	0.90	−1.3	−0.4	4.2
ADMA_rest (μmoL/L)	0.5	0.3	0.5	0.2	0.34	0	−0.1	0.0
ADMA_max (μmoL/L)	0.6	0.4	0.7	0.2	0.85	0.1	−0.2	0.2
VEGF_rest (pg/mL)	17.2	14.1	22.6	15.8	0.27	5.4	−13.1	4.1
VEGF_max (pg/mL)	8.4	7.3	17.4	11.3	0.03	9.0	−18.6	−0.9
TGF-β_rest (pg/mL)	121.5	18.8	131.0	18.8	0.18	9.5	−19.9	4.3
TGF-β_max (pg/mL)	127.8	27.0	143.0	42.0	0.04	15.2	−26.6	14.8
TNF-α_rest (pg/mL)	24.2	9.8	35.1	10.4	0.06	10.9	−16.1	−5.1
TNF-α_max (pg/mL)	34.8	10.3	34.3	7.7	0.91	−0.5	−6.8	7.6
IL-6_rest (pg/mL)	1.2	0.8	0.9	0.6	0.22	−0.3	−0.2	0.8
IL-6_max (pg/mL)	1.3	0.9	1.1	1.0	0.21	−0.2	−0.1	0.6
IL-1β_rest (pg/mL)	3.3	2.0	3.1	3.3	0.72	−0.2	−0.6	0.9
IL-1β_max (pg/mL)	3.5	2.6	3.3	1.7	0.03	−0.2	−0.5–2	0.4

BioMed Research International

Comparison of the Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training in Hypoxia and Normoxia in Healthy Male Volunteers: A Pilot Study

Table 4