Immunological Aspects of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy

<div>The participation of orbital fibroblasts in orbital inflammation. Cytokines, growth factors, and T cells stimulate orbital fibroblasts to produce chemokines and cytokines. PGE2 produced by orbital fibroblasts activates mast cells and B-cell maturation as well as stimulates the production of IL-6 by orbital fibroblasts.</div>

BioMed Research International

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Figure 4

Figure 4: Immunological Aspects of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy 