Immunological Aspects of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy

Table 1

Potential therapeutic targets in GO [6, 103].

Target	Treatment	Potential benefit
TSHR	TSHR-blocking antibody; TSHR antagonist	Inhibition of hyaluronan production and adipogenesis	[109]
IGF-1R	Teprotumumab—IGF-1R-blocking antibody	Inhibition of hyaluronan production and adipogenesis	[87, 88]
CD3	Teplizumab and otelixizumab—CD3 monoclonal antibodies	Induction of tolerance	[89]
CTLA4	Abatacept—CTLA4 analogue	Increased T-cell activation	[90]
CD20	Rituximab—CD20 monoclonal antibody	Increased TRAb production	[5, 94, 95]
TNF and TNF receptor	Adalimumab—TNF-blocking monoclonal antibody; Etanercept—soluble TNF receptor	Inhibition of hyaluronan production and inflammation	[99, 110]
TGF-β	TGF-β-blocking monoclonal antibody	Reduction in fibrosis	[111]
IL-6 receptor	Tocilizumab—IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody	Inhibition of hyaluronan production and inflammation	[101, 112]
IL-1 receptor	Anakinra—IL-1 receptor antagonist	Inhibition of hyaluronan production and inflammation	[113]