Th1- and Th17-Related Cytokines in Venous and Arterial Blood of Sclerodermic Patients with and without Digital Ulcers

Table 1

Cytokine concentrations (pg/ml) in venous blood of patients affected by SSc and in healthy controls.

	Patients median [CI 95%]	Healthy controls median [CI 95%]
TNF-α	2.07 [0.21–8.72]	1.22 [0.87–1.75]	0.008
IL-2	14.57 [3.52–18.42]	6.33 [1.62–22.73]	<0.001
IL-5	0.30 [0.05–10.76]	0.08 [0.00–3.38]	<0.001
IL-9	0.43 [0.11–11.89]	0.90 [0.10–34.25]	n.s.
IL-13	2.92 [0.42–76.85]	2.00 [0.11–9.50]	n.s.
GM-CSF	140.96 [138.65–141.42]	22.28 [20.72–22.56]	<0.001
IL-23	8.84 [0.60–14.79]	1.62 [1.58–1.72]	<0.001
IL-1b	0.18 [0.03–1.22]	0.32 [0.20–0.97]	<0.001
IL-6	3.82 [0.36–30.02]	1.23 [0.12–4.68]	0.011
IL-17	1.08 [0.41–1.65]	0.54 [0.04–0.85]	0.041
IL-21	23.38 [3.73–38.33]	3.60 [3.51–3.87]	<0.001
IL-22	3.75 [0.68–6.48]	1.95 [0.59–6.37]	<0.001
ET-1	15.67 [3.41–48.68]	5.42 [3.32–6.63]	<0.001
TGF-β	6.62 [5.03–26.24]	4.45 [3.82–14.64]	<0.001