Research Article
Efficacy and Safety of Botulinum Toxin Type A for Limb Spasticity after Stroke: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Table 3
Subgroup analysis for lower limb spasticity.
| Outcomes | Factors | Groups | SMD and 95% CI | P value | Heterogeneity (%) | P value for heterogeneity | P value for meta-regression |
| Muscle tone | Publication year | Before 2010 | -0.21 (-1.03 to 0.62) | 0.618 | - | - | 0.762 | 2010 or after | -0.10 (-0.94 to 0.73) | 0.808 | 92.3 | <0.001 | Mean age (year) | ≥ 55.0 | -0.69 (-2.08 to 0.70) | 0.332 | 94.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 | < 55.0 | 0.31 (-0.12 to 0.74) | 0.156 | 45.8 | 0.158 | Percentage male (%) | ≥60.0 | 0.18 (-0.16 to 0.51) | 0.298 | 0.3 | 0.317 | 0.037 | <60.0 | -0.22 (-1.43 to 0.98) | 0.714 | 94.1 | <0.001 | Time since event (months) | ≥24.0 | -0.21 (-1.03 to 0.62) | 0.618 | - | - | 0.762 | <24.0 | -0.10 (-0.94 to 0.73) | 0.808 | 92.3 | <0.001 | Follow-up duration (weeks) | 4 | 0.62 (0.01 to 1.22) | 0.045 | 85.1 | <0.001 | 0.049 | 8 | -0.15 (-0.59 to 0.29) | 0.504 | - | - | 12 | 0.02 (-0.77 to 0.80) | 0.968 | 91.6 | <0.001 | > 12 | 0.02 (-0.46 to 0.50) | 0.934 | - | - | Study quality | High | 0.43 (-0.02 to 0.88) | 0.058 | 47.8 | 0.166 | <0.001 | Low | -0.54 (-1.53 to 0.44) | 0.278 | 88.7 | <0.001 |
| Fugl-Meyer score | Publication year | Before 2010 | 1.20 (-1.88 to 4.28) | 0.445 | - | - | <0.001 | 2010 or after | 6.26 (3.39 to 9.12) | <0.001 | 94.8 | <0.001 | Mean age (year) | ≥ 55.0 | 6.26 (3.39 to 9.12) | <0.001 | 94.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | < 55.0 | 1.20 (-1.88 to 4.28) | 0.445 | - | - | Percentage male (%) | ≥60.0 | 0.57 (-1.44 to 2.57) | 0.580 | 0.0 | 0.595 | <0.001 | <60.0 | 8.46 (7.90 to 9.02) | <0.001 | 27.8 | 0.239 | Time since event (months) | ≥24.0 | 1.20 (-1.88 to 4.28) | 0.445 | - | - | <0.001 | <24.0 | 6.26 (3.39 to 9.12) | <0.001 | 94.8 | <0.001 | Follow-up duration (weeks) | 4 | 0.96 (-0.27 to 2.18) | 0.125 | 70.2 | 0.018 | <0.001 | 8 | -0.56 (-0.89 to -0.23) | 0.001 | 0.0 | 0.622 | 12 | 6.66 (4.82 to 8.50) | <0.001 | 91.0 | <0.001 | > 12 | 9.04 (7.89 to 10.19) | <0.001 | - | - | Study quality | High | - | - | - | - | - | Low | 5.09 (2.16 to 8.01) | 0.001 | 94.9 | <0.001 |
| Gait speed | Publication year | Before 2010 | -0.00 (-0.04 to 0.03) | 0.806 | 0.0 | 0.645 | 0.003 | 2010 or after | 0.13 (-0.02 to 0.28) | 0.089 | 85.2 | 0.001 | Mean age (year) | ≥ 55.0 | 0.13 (-0.03 to 0.29) | 0.116 | 89.9 | <0.001 | 0.129 | < 55.0 | -0.01 (-0.06 to 0.04) | 0.712 | 0.0 | 0.712 | Percentage male (%) | ≥60.0 | 0.06 (-0.07 to 0.20) | 0.343 | 85.8 | 0.001 | 0.016 | <60.0 | 0.17 (0.06 to 0.28) | 0.002 | - | - | Time since event (months) | ≥24.0 | -0.02 (-0.09 to 0.06) | 0.601 | - | - | 0.211 | <24.0 | 0.09 (-0.01 to 0.19) | 0.087 | 85.5 | <0.001 | Follow-up duration (weeks) | 4 | 0.01 (-0.02 to 0.04) | 0.533 | 0.0 | 0.442 | 0.454 | 8 | 0.07 (-0.03 to 0.18) | 0.158 | 79.7 | 0.002 | 12 | 0.02 (-0.04 to 0.09) | 0.434 | 66.9 | 0.029 | Study quality | High | 0.00 (-0.04 to 0.04) | 1.000 | 0.0 | 1.000 | 0.014 | Low | 0.12 (-0.04 to 0.29) | 0.139 | 87.7 | <0.001 |
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