Free Light Chains as a Novel Diagnostic Biomarker of Immune System Abnormalities in Multiple Sclerosis and HIV Infection

Table 1

Significance of serum- and CSF-free light chains as candidates for markers of multiple sclerosis and HIV.

	Results	References
Multiple sclerosis	κFLCs concentrations and κFLCs index are highly elevated in MS compared to healthy and other CNS diseases	[17, 23–27]
	λFLCs concentrations are moderately elevated in MS	[17, 27–29]
	κFLCs concentrations are similar in MS and CIS	[17]
	κFLCs index is higher in MS patients than in CIS patients	[23]
	κFLCs-index has similar diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in comparison with OCB	[17, 25, 27, 30]
	κFLCs index is lower in patients with nonactive disease	[24]
	κFLCs levels are associated with IgG intrathecal synthesis	[17, 23, 29]
	κFLCs index above cutoff point increases the risk of conversion CIS to MS	[23, 25]
	κ/λ ratio may predict conversion of CIS to MS	[24, 26, 27]
HIV	Serum and CSF κ and λ FLCs are increased in HIV-1 infected patients	[18, 31–33]
	Κ and λ FLCs are increased in ART-native patients compared to ART	[34, 35]
	κ and λ FLCs in ART patients correlate with IgG and viral load	[34]
	κ and λ FLCs in ART patients correlate negatively with CD4 and albumin	[34]
	In ART-native patients, FLCs correlate with CD21 and IgG	[35]
	κ and λ FLCs are elevated in HIV + patients who went on to develop lymphoma	[36–41]
	κ and λ FLCs correlate with Epstein-Barr load	[39]
	κ and λ FLCs are similar in different lymphoma subtypes	[37]