Review Article
Free Light Chains as a Novel Diagnostic Biomarker of Immune System Abnormalities in Multiple Sclerosis and HIV Infection
Table 1
Significance of serum- and CSF-free light chains as candidates for markers of multiple sclerosis and HIV.
| | Results | References |
| Multiple sclerosis | κFLCs concentrations and κFLCs index are highly elevated in MS compared to healthy and other CNS diseases | [17, 23–27] | λFLCs concentrations are moderately elevated in MS | [17, 27–29] | κFLCs concentrations are similar in MS and CIS | [17] | κFLCs index is higher in MS patients than in CIS patients | [23] | κFLCs-index has similar diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in comparison with OCB | [17, 25, 27, 30] | κFLCs index is lower in patients with nonactive disease | [24] | κFLCs levels are associated with IgG intrathecal synthesis | [17, 23, 29] | κFLCs index above cutoff point increases the risk of conversion CIS to MS | [23, 25] | κ/λ ratio may predict conversion of CIS to MS | [24, 26, 27] |
| HIV | Serum and CSF κ and λ FLCs are increased in HIV-1 infected patients | [18, 31–33] | Κ and λ FLCs are increased in ART-native patients compared to ART | [34, 35] | κ and λ FLCs in ART patients correlate with IgG and viral load | [34] | κ and λ FLCs in ART patients correlate negatively with CD4 and albumin | [34] | In ART-native patients, FLCs correlate with CD21 and IgG | [35] | κ and λ FLCs are elevated in HIV + patients who went on to develop lymphoma | [36–41] | κ and λ FLCs correlate with Epstein-Barr load | [39] | κ and λ FLCs are similar in different lymphoma subtypes | [37] |
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