Gut Microbiota-Derived Mediators as Potential Markers in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Table 1

Gut microbiota-derived mediators in human NAFLD.

Type of metabolites	Subjects	Type of sample	Alterations of gut microbiota-derived mediators	References
SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS	Adults, obesity, NAFLD (SS or NASH)	Blood	Higher abundances of enzymes associated with lactate, acetate, and formate in mild/moderate NAFLD. Higher abundances of enzymes for butyrate, D-lactate, propionate, and succinate in advanced fibrosis	[33]
	Children, obesity, NAFLD	Fecal specimens	Lower acetate, formate, valerate in NAFLD	[34]
BILE ACIDS	Adults, NASH	Blood,Urine	More hydrophobic bile acid profile	[35]
	Adults NAFLD, NASH	Liver	Elevated deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, and cholic acids	[36]
	Adults, NAFLD, NASH	Blood	Higher glycocholate, taurocholate, glycochenodeoxycholate in NAFLD	[37]
	Adults, NASH	Fecal specimens	Higher primary to secondary BA ratio in NASH	[38]
	Children NAFLD	Blood	Higher CDCA, unconjugated primary BAs (CDCA + cholic acid), lower DCA, TDCA, GDCA, total DCA, GLCA and total lithocholic acid in NASH	[39]
TLR	Adults, NASH	Blood	Higher TLR-4/MD-2 expression on CD14 positive cells in NASH	[40]
ENDOGENOUS ETHANOL	Children, obesity, NASH	Blood	Elevated blood-ethanol concentration in NASH	[41]
	Children, NAFLD	Blood	Higher ethanol levels in NAFLD	[42]
	Children, obesity, fatty liver	Blood	Higher ethanol levels in NAFLD	[43]
CHOLINE, TMA, TMAO	Children, adolescents, adults	Blood	Decreased choline intake in postmenopausal NAFLD women with fibrosis	[44]
	Adults	Blood	Association of TMAO level and presence/ severity of NAFLD	[45]
	Adults	Blood	Higher free choline levels in NASH	[46]