Antioxidants as Renoprotective Agents for Ischemia during Partial Nephrectomy

Figure 1

During ischemia, transmembrane ion gradients are dissipated, allowing cytosolic concentrations of calcium to rise, which in turn activates protease that irreversibly converts xanthine dehydrogenase into xanthine oxidase. At the same time, cellular ATP is catabolized to hypoxanthine, which accumulates. During the reperfusion, xanthine oxidase using readmitted oxygen and hypoxanthine generates superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Scheme derived from Granger et al. (1986).