Antioxidants as Renoprotective Agents for Ischemia during Partial Nephrectomy

Table 1

Antioxidants commonly used in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Antioxidant	Mechanism of action	Improvement of I-R injury	Reference
Allopurinol	Xanthine oxidase inhibitor	Yes	[85]
Amifostine	Increase in glutathione peroxidase	Yes	[86, 87]
Bilirrubin	Superoxide scavenger / peroxyl radical trapping antioxidant	Yes	[88, 89]
Catalase	Superoxide scanvenger	Yes	[46–49]
Ceruloplasmine	ROS scavenger / Fenton reaction inhibition	Yes	[90]
Coenzyme Q10	ROS scavenger / enhance antioxidants / quench perferryl radical	Yes	[91, 92]
Crocin	ROS scavenger	Yes	[93]
Curcumin	ROS scavenger / enhance antioxidants	Yes	[56–58]
Desferrioxamine	Iron-chelator / enhance antioxidants	Yes	[90, 94]
Edaravone	ROS scavenger	Yes	[95]
Ferulic acid	ROS scavenger/ enhance antioxidants/ Modulates MPO and other enzymes	Yes	[61–66]
Glutathione peroxidase	ROS scavenger / NF-κB pathway inhibitor	Yes	[48, 50–52]
Ligustrazine	ROS scavenger	Yes	[67, 68]
Mannitol	ROS scavenger / enhance antioxidants	Yes	[81]
Nitric Oxide	Modulates xanthine oxidase activity / vasodilation	Yes	[96–99]
Quercetin	ROS scavenger	Yes	[69–72]
Resveratrol	ROS scavenger	Yes	[71–76]
Superoxide dismutase	Superoxide scavenger	Yes	[48, 53–55]
Vitamin C	ROS scavenger / enhance antioxidants	Yes	[77–79, 100–102]
Vitamin E	ROS scavenger / enhance antioxidants	Yes	[81–84]