The Role of Antegrade Irrigation via Percutaneous Nephrostomy on Surgical Outcomes in Semirigid Ureteroscopy among Patients with Upper Ureteral Stones

Figure 1

Study paradigm. When percutaneous nephrostomy was inevitable in patients with upper ureter stone, antegrade irrigation of external fluid via percutaneous nephrostomy was performed and its outcomes were compared with those of conventional semirigid ureteroscopy. URSL, ureteroscopic lithotripsy; PCN, percutaneous nephrostomy; UTI, urinary tract infection.