A Review of Self-Expanding Esophageal Stents for the Palliation Therapy of Inoperable Esophageal Malignancies

Table 2

Current animal esophagus models for stenting.

Animal model	Inserted stent	Purposes	Results	Refs
Healthy rabbit	SEMS with ^125I loaded	To evaluate radiotolerance	Caused epithelial hyperplasia and stricture	[90]
Canine stricture	New covered SEMS	To test the antimigration	Half of stents migrated	[91]
Mongrel dogs	New nitinol stent	Anti-postcaustic stricture	Better than unstented group	[92]
Bama mini-pig	Nitinol stents loaded 5-FU or Paclitaxel (PTX)	To investigate tissue response; Drug release	Severe tissue response at the ends; highest drug concentrations in esophagus	[59, 60]
New Zealand rabbits	magnetocaloric nitinol stent with PTX	Drug eluting Release	biocompatible and safe	[93]
Healthy beagle dogs	Covered SEMS	Evaluate safety	No significant radiation toxicity	[94]
Benign dog cardia stricture	paclitaxel or rapamycin-eluting stent	Observe inflammatory reaction	Drug-eluting stent had better outcomes	[95]
A stricture model of rabbit	Three “piece” of SEMS with PLGA treads	Safety of the stent	The degradable part of the stent degraded; stent migrated	[96, 97]
Mini pig	Full covered SEMS	to evaluate the clinical feasibility	Easy deployment;	[82, 98]
Refractory benign strictures in dogs	SEMS, SEPS, BD	To evaluate the complications	50% dogs had complications	[99]
Pig stricture model	ELLA-CS); PLA/PCL BD stent	To treat stricture	Did not prevent high-grade stricture formation.	[100, 101]
Rabbit model.	IN-1233–eluting covered stents	To investigate the efficacy	decreased; tissue hyperplasia	[88]
Dog model	PCDL BD stent	To treat stenosis	The stent recovered its initial shape in vivo	[102]
Malignant rabbit models	SEMS, drug-eluting stent	To image cancer tissue, and treat	Successful in establishing a malignant esophagostenosis; model in rabbits	[7, 81, 103]