| | Study, year | Study type | region | Data source | age | Follow-up time | Participants of PCa | Death of PCa | Death assessment | Aspirin assessment | use of aspirin | Diagnosis of PCa | T-stage of PCa | Treatment of PCa | Confounders adjustment | Reference
number | OR of the highest dose exposure | Pattern score and OR | Quality assessment |
| Choe et al,
2012 | retrospective cohort | US | CaPSURE | 64 | 5.8 | 5955 | 193 | death certificates, National Death Index and other sources | self-report | Post-diagnosis | clinical and pathologic information | I-IV | RT, RT+ADT, RP | NA | 35 | Post:
0.43(0.21,0.87) | NA | Selection: 3
Comparability: 1
Outcome: 2 | Dhillon et al,
2012 | retrospective cohort | US | the Health Professionals Follow-up Study | 68.6 | 8.4 | 3986 | 265 | National Death Index, postal system, and next
of kin with virtually complete follow-up | self-report | Post-diagnosis | medical records and pathology reports | I-IIIa | PT, RT, Hormone, Watchful waiting, Others | age, period, family history, race, height, BMI, tomato sauce, vigorous physical activity, smoking, vitamin D, fish, red meat, CLD, total kcal, Gleason score, aspirin use before diagnosis, TNM stage, initial treatment | 23 | Post:
1.08(0.76,1.54) | Dose:
Quartile 1: 1.0
Quartile 2: 1.12(0.72-1.72)
Quartile 3: 1.05(0.62-1.80)
Quartile 4: 1.08(0.76-1.54) | Selection: 3
Comparability: 2
Outcome: 2 | Flahavan et al,
2014 | retrospective cohort | Ireland | NCRI and GMS | 50-80 | 5.5 | 2936 | 276 | death certificates | prescriptions | Pre-diagnosis | pathologic information, ICD code | I–III | RP, PT, RT, ADT
| age at diagnosis, tumor grade, tumor size, smoking status, co-morbidity score, year of incidence, pre-diagnostic statin exposure and receipt of radiation | 20 | Pre:
0.61(0.37,0.99) | NA | Selection: 3
Comparability: 2
Outcome: 2 | Grytli et al,
2014 | retrospective cohort | Norway | the Cancer Registry of Norway and the Norwegian Prescriptions Database | 76.3 | 3.25 | 3165 | NA | death certificates | prescriptions | Post-diagnosis | clinical and pathologic information | I-IV | ADT | age, PSA, Gleason score, T-stage, presence and type of metastases, performance status, and ADT initiated within 6 months after diagnosis | 27 | Post:
0.94(0.78,1.14) | NA | Selection: 3
Comparability: 2
Outcome: 1 | Jacobs et al,
2014 | retrospective cohort | US | the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center | 68 | 4.7 | 74 | 15 | NA | self-report | Post-diagnosis | clinical and pathologic information | Ic-IIIb, unknown | RT, ADT | age, Gleason score, T-stage, pelvic irradiation,
ADT, N-stage, aspirin use | 24 | Post:
0.44(0.15,1.28) | NA | Selection: 2
Comparability: 2
Outcome: 1 | Caon et al,
2014 | retrospective cohort | Canada | BCCA | 70.3 | 8.4 | 3851 | 1098 | death registry records | referring physician notes,
consultation reports,
self-report | Post-diagnosis | pathologic information | I-IV | RT | statin use, ASA use, age, ADT, PSA, T-stage, Charlson index,
Gleason score | 35 | Post:
0.91(0.65,1.28) | NA | Selection: 3
Comparability: 2
Outcome: 2 | Jacobs et al,
2014 | retrospective cohort | US | CPS-II Nutrition Cohort | NA | Pre: 9.3
Post: 6.4 | Pre: 8427
Post: 7118 | Pre: 441
Post: 301 | National Death Index | questionnaires | Pre-diagnosis and Post-diagnosis | clinical and pathologic information | I-IV | PT, RT, Cryosurgery, Hormone, Watchful waiting | age, race, calendar year of diagnosis, tumor extent, nodal involvement, Gleason score, initial treatment type, CLD, CVD, and pre-diagnosis PSA testing not leading to a PCa diagnosis. | 19 | Pre:
0.93(0.72,1.21)
Post:
1.14(0.82,1.60) | Dose:
Tertile 1: 1.00
Tertile 2: 0.85(0.61-1.19)
Tertile 3: 1.14(0.82-1.60)
Frequency(pre):
Tertile 1: 1.00
Tertile 2: 1.03(0.81-1.32)
Tertile 3: 0.92(0.72-1.17)
Frequency(post):
Tertile 1: 1.00
Tertile 2: 1.12(0.81-1.53)
Tertile 3: 0.98(0.74-1.29) | Selection: 3
Comparability: 2
Outcome: 2 | Cardwell et al,
2014 | case–control | UK | NCDR, CPRD | NA | 1998-2011 | Pre: 5459
Post: 4715 | Pre: 1371
Post: 1184 | ONS death certificates | prescriptions | Pre-diagnosis and Post-diagnosis | ICD code | I-IV | RP, RT, CT, ADT, EST | grade, RP,
CT, RT, ADT, EST, comorbidities and smoking | 34 | Pre:
1.11(0.83,1.49
Post:
1.31(0.85,2.01) | Dose:
Quartile 1: 1.0
Quartile 2: 1.12(0.79-1.60)
Quartile 3: 0.82(0.58-1.17)
Quartile 4: 1.31(0.85-2.01) | Selection: 3
Comparability: 2
Outcome: 2 | Veitonmaki et al,
2015 | retrospective cohort | Finland | FinPCST | 68 | 7.5 | Pre: 6537
Post: 6537 | Pre: 617
Post: 617 | death certificates | prescriptions | Pre-diagnosis and Post-diagnosis | medical records | I-IV | PT, RT, Hormone, Watchful waiting | age, PCa stage and grade, type of treatment,
CLD, anti-HPN drug, BPH drug and antidiabetic drug, use of NSAIDs before trial, other types of NSAIDs, PSA, cancer grade and stage. | 23 | Pre:
0.93(0.53,1.63)
Post:
0.81(0.38,1.81) | Duration:
Tertile 1: 1.00
Tertile 2: 0.54(0.27-1.10)
Tertile 3: 0.31(0.12-0.78) | Selection: 3
Comparability: 2
Outcome: 2 | Assayag et al,
2015 | retrospective cohort | UK | the NCDR, CPRD, HES | 71.3 | 5.4 | Pre: NA
Post: 11779 | Pre: NA
Post: 1793 | ONS death certificates | prescriptions | Pre-diagnosis and Post-diagnosis | clinical information, ICD code | I-IV | PT, RT ADT, CT | age, year of entry, race, obesity, smoking status, alcohol use, socioeconomic status, anti-HPN drug, cardiovascular comorbidities, statins, aspirin, other APD, NSAIDs, 5a-reductase inhibitors, metformin, sulfonylureas, insulin, OADs, PSA, Gleason score and cancer treatments during first year after diagnosis | 23 | Pre:
0.97(0.81,1.16)
Post:
1.32(1.06,1.64) | Duration:
Quintile 1: 1.0
Quintile 2: 1.61(1.40-1.84)
Quintile 3: 1.33(1.10-1.60)
Quintile 4: 1.06(0.83-1.37)
Quintile 5: 1.32(1.06-1.64) | Selection: 3
Comparability: 2
Outcome: 2 | Osborn et al,
2016 | retrospective cohort | US | the New York Harbor Department of Veterans Affairs | 68 | 6.3 | 289 | 8 | NA | physician documentation, the electronic medical record system | Post-diagnosis | NA | undergoing radiation | ADT, RT | age, ASA use, ADT, RT, clopidogrel or warfarin usage, NCCN risk group | 20 | Post:
0.20(0.04,1.13) | NA | Selection: 2
Comparability: 2
Outcome: 2 | Downer et al,
2017 | retrospective cohort | US | the Physicians’ Health Study | 71.5 | NA | 3277 | 407 | death certificates, National Death Index, medical records and information from
family | questionnaires | Pre-diagnosis and Post-diagnosis | self-reports and medical records | I-IV | RP, RT, others | age, calendar year of diagnosis, race, Charlson comorbidity index, BMI, smoking status, PSA, Gleason score, clinical stage, and primary treatment | 28 | Post
0.66(0.46,0.95) | Duration:
Tertile 1: 1.00
Tertile 2: 0.70(0.50-0.97)
Tertile 3: 0.66(0.46-0.95) | Selection: 3
Comparability: 2
Outcome: 2 | Zhou [16] et al,
2017 | retrospective cohort | US | NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study | >=55 | Pre: 6
Post: 4 | Pre: 19063
Post: 7574 | Pre:709
Post:209 | National Death Index | self-report | Pre-diagnosis and Post-diagnosis | medical records | I-IV | PT, RT, Hormone, RT+ Hormone | Gleason score, tumor stage, primary treatment, race, marital status, CVD, diabetes, BMI, smoking status, PCa screening, self-reported general health status, pre-diagnostic aspirin or non-aspirin NSAID use | 30 | Pre:
0.99(0.80,1.22)
Post:
0.77(0.54,1.11) | Frequency(pre):
Tertile 1: 1.00
Tertile 2: 0.95(0.78-1.15)
Tertile 3: 0.99(0.80-1.22)
Frequency(post):
Tertile 1: 1.00
Tertile 2: 0.87(0.60-1.27)
Tertile 3: 0.77(0.54-1.11) | Selection: 3 Comparability: 2 Outcome: 2 | Zhou [31] et al,
2017 | retrospective cohort | US | PLCO Cancer Screening Trial | >=55 | Pre: 5
Post: 5 | Pre: 7827
Post: 4012 | Pre:266
Post:35 | death certificates | self-report | Pre-diagnosis and Post-diagnosis | medical records | I-IV | PT, RT, Hormone, RT+ Hormone | Gleason score, tumor stage, primary treatment, race, marital status, CVD, diabetes, BMI, smoking status, PCa screening, self-reported general health status, pre-diagnostic aspirin or non-aspirin NSAID use | 30 | Pre:
0.98(0.72,1.32)
Post:
1.26(0.43,3.67) | Frequency(pre):
Tertile 1: 1.00
Tertile 2: 1.15(0.85-1.55)
Tertile 3: 0.98(0.72-1.32)
Frequency(post):
Tertile 1: 1.00
Tertile 2: 1.52(0.53-4.33)
Tertile 3: 1.26(0.43-3.67) | Selection: 3 Comparability: 2 Outcome: 2 |
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