Research Needs for Implementing Cancer Prevention and Early Detection in Developing Countries: From Scientists’ to Implementers’ Perspectives

Table 1

Phases of the implementation process as described in selected theoretical frameworks.

Models	Proposed stages/phases in the implementation process
	Stage/Phase 1	Stage/Phase 2	Stage/Phase 3	Stage/Phase 4	Stage/Phase 5
Dissemination and implementation research in health [9]		Dissemination	Adoption	Implementation	Sustainability
RE-AIM [10]	Reach	Effectiveness	Adoption	Implementation	Maintenance
Quality implementation framework [11]		Initial considerations	Creating structure	Ongoing implementation	Improving
Implementation in public service (EPIS) [8]		Exploration	Adoption; Decision; Preparation	Active implementation	Sustainment
Precede-proceed [12]			Assessment	Implementation	Evaluation
PARiHS [13]	Evidence	Context	Facilitation	Successful implementation
Implementation for cancer prevention and control [14]	Controlled and observational studies	Evidence that a technology works	Planning programs	Guiding implementation	Conducting evaluation

The implementation stage is aligned in all models for illustrative purposes. All models in the table correspond to stage models (developed for the health sector), which are different from system models. represents six phases of assessment: social, epidemiological, behavioral and environmental, educational and organizational, administration, and policy. represents three phases of evaluation: processes, impact, and outcomes.