A Comprehensive Review of Cutaneous Manifestations Associated with COVID-19

Table 1

Detailed characteristics of COVID-19 patients who developed cutaneous manifestations.

Cutaneous manifestation	Number of patients	Age (years)	Sex	Country	Localization of the skin lesions	Dermatological symptoms	Phase of COVID-19 in which skin lesions appeared	Clinical course of the skin lesions	Taking any medication before the appearance of skin lesions	Method of COVID-19 diagnosis
Maculopapular rash	14 [6]	N/M	N/M	Italy	Mainly trunk	Mild itching or asymptomatic	Active phase	Resolved few days later	N/M	All cases were confirmed by PCR.
	1 [11]	64	F	France	Trunk & flexors	N/M	Active phase	Resolved 5 days later without any treatment	Paracetamol for 4 days (but the cutaneous lesions disappeared despite the drug was not discontinued)	PCR
	1 [12]	59	F	Italy	Trunk & limbs	N/M	Active phase in ICU	Resolved 5 days later without any treatment	N/M	PCR
	1 [12]	89	F	Italy	Trunk & limbs	N/M	Active phase in ICU	Resolved 8 days later without any treatment	N/M	PCR
	1 [12]	57	M	Italy	Generalized	Itching	Prodromal phase	Reduced 10 days later, after taking levofloxacin and hydroxychloroquine	N/M	PCR
	2 [13]	N/M	N/M	France	Face & upper body	Itching	Active phase	Resolved a few days later	N/M	Both cases were confirmed by PCR.
	1 [14]	58	M	USA	Trunk & extremities	Itching	Active phase	Began to improve 3 days later without any treatment	Azithromycin+benzonatate	PCR
	1 [15]	20	M	USA	Generalized, sparing the face	N/M	Active phase	N/M	N/M	PCR
	1 [16]	6	M	Thailand	Generalized	Itching	Active phase	Resolved 5 days later without any treatment	No medication	PCR
	1 [9]	57	F	France	Trunk & limbs	Asymptomatic except for burning sensation of palms	Active phase	Resolved 9 days later without any treatment	Paracetamol	PCR
	176 [17]	Mean age: 55.3	F: 98; M: 78	Spain	N/M	Asymptomatic: 64; Pain: 4; Burning: 9; Itching: 99	Prodromal phase: 8; Active phase: 108; Convalescence phase: 60	Resolved few days later (mean: 8.6 days)	N/M	122 cases were confirmed by PCR. Others were not tested.
Urticaria	3 [6]	N/M	N/M	Italy	Mainly trunk	Mild itching or asymptomatic	Active phase	Resolved few days later	N/M	PCR
	1 [18]	32	F	Spain	Generalized	Itching	Active phase	Resolved 5 days later after taking antihistamines	Azithromycin+hydroquinone	N/M
	1 [19]	27	F	France	Face & acral parts	Itching	Prodromal phase	Slow improvement after taking antihistamines	No medication	PCR
	2 [6]	N/M	N/M	France	Face & upper body	Itching	Active phase: 1; Prodromal phase: 1	Resolved a few days later	N/M	Both cases were confirmed by PCR.
	1 [20]	71	M	Belgium	Generalized	Asymptomatic	Active phase	Resolved a few days later after taking bilastine	No new medication	All cases were confirmed by PCR.
	1 [20]	39	F	Belgium	Generalized	Itching	Active phase	Resolved a few days later after taking bilastine	No medication	N/M
	1 [16]	2 months	F	Thailand	Generalized except for palms & soles	Itching	Active phase	Resolved 9 days later without any treatment	No medication	PCR
	1 [21]	37	F	Italy	Trunk, neck & face	Asymptomatic	Active phase (10^th postpartum day)	Resolved 8 days later without any treatment	Acetaminophen	N/M
	73 [17]	Mean age: 48.7	F: 47; M: 26	Spain	N/M	Asymptomatic: 4; Pain: 1; Burning: 1; Itching: 67	Prodromal phase: 3; Active phase: 43; Convalescence phase: 25	Resolved few days later (mean: 12.7 days)	N/M	49 cases were confirmed by PCR. Others were not tested.
Chilblain	1 [22]	27	F	Kuwait	Dorsal aspect of fingers	Asymptomatic	Asymptomatic for COVID-19	N/M	No medication/no exposure to cold	PCR
	1 [22]	35	F	Kuwait	Dorsal aspect of fingers	Asymptomatic	Asymptomatic for COVID-19	N/M	No medication/no exposure to cold	PCR
	3 [13]	14-22	N/M	France	Toes of both feet	Pain and burning	Asymptomatic for COVID-19	N/M	No medication/no exposure to cold	Not tested
	1 [15]	28	F	Spain	Both heels	Itching	Active phase	N/M	No medication/no exposure to cold	N/M
	1 [23]	26	M	Italy	Both heels	Asymptomatic	Asymptomatic for COVID-19	N/M	No medication/no exposure to cold	Not tested
	1 [23]	16	F	Italy	Both heels	Asymptomatic	Asymptomatic for COVID-19 except for pharyngodynia 2 weeks ago	N/M	No medication/no exposure to cold	Not tested
	1 [23]	18	F	Italy	Both heels & extensor surfaces of toes	Asymptomatic	Asymptomatic for COVID-19	N/M	No medication/no exposure to cold	Not tested
	1 [23]	48	M	Italy	Extensor surfaces of both heels	N/M	Active phase	N/M	No medication/no exposure to cold	Not tested
Vesicular rash	22 [24]		M (16 cases); F (6 cases)	Italy	All had truncal lesions ± involvement of extremities	Mild itching in 9 cases	Active phase	Resolved 4-15 days later	No medication	All cases were confirmed by PCR.
	1 [6]	N/M	N/M	Italy	Mainly trunk	N/M	Active phase	Resolved few days later	N/M	PCR
	1 [25]	8	F	Italy	Trunk	Asymptomatic	Active phase	Resolved 7 days later without any treatment	No medication	PCR
	2 [7]	N/M	N/M	Italy	Trunk (localized herpetiform)	Mild itching	Active phase	N/M	N/M	N/M
	1 [7]	N/M	N/M	Spain	Back (localized herpetiform)	N/M	Active phase	N/M	N/M	N/M
	34 [15]	Mean: 45.6	F: 19; M: 15	Spain	N/M	Asymptomatic: 6; Pain: 3; Burning: 2; Itching: 23	Prodromal phase: 5; Active phase: 19; Convalescence phase: 10	Resolved few days later (mean: 9.3 days)	N/M	17 cases were confirmed by PCR. Others were not tested.
Livedo reticularis	1 [25]	67	M	USA	Anterior thigh	Asymptomatic	Active phase	Resolved 19 hours later without any treatment	N/M	PCR
	1 [25]	47	F	USA	Right lower limb	Asymptomatic	Convalescence phase	Resolved 20 minutes later without any treatment	No medication but appeared after sun exposure	PCR
	21 [25]	Mean age: 63.1	F: 10; M: 11	Spain	N/M	Asymptomatic: 15; Pain: 1; Burning: 2; Itching: 3	Prodromal phase: 1; Active phase: 18; Convalescence phase: 2	Resolved few days later (mean: 9.4 days)	N/M	17 cases were confirmed by PCR. Others were not tested.
Petechiae	1 [26]	N/M	N/M	Thailand	N/M	N/M	Prodromal phase	N/M	N/M	PCR
	1 [14]	48	M	Spain	Buttocks, popliteal fossa, proximal anterior thighs, lower abdomen	Itching	Active phase	Resolved 5 days later with 0.05% betamethasone cream+loratadine	No new medication	PCR

M: male; F: female; N/M: not mentioned; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; ICU: intensive care unit.