Effect of Saffron Extract and Crocin in Serum Metabolites of Induced Obesity Rats

Table 1

Relative quantification of significance discriminating metabolites based on the concentration of 0.1% of 3-trimethysilyl propionic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid sodium salt (TSP) as an internal standard and quantified using the Chenomx NMR Suite (metabolites were chosen based on combination model, Figure 4).

Metabolites (mM/L)	Chemical shifts	VIP 1	VIP 2	OB	LN	OBCR80	OBSF80
Lactate	1.34	7.41	5.70			^+
Pyruvate	2.38	1.11	1.20
Glucose	3.25-5.22	2.31	2.91
Taurine	2.42, 3.38	2.00	2.54
3-Hydroxybutyrate	1.18, 4.14, 2.31, 2.42	6.50	5.11
Alanine	3.78, 1.48	1.26	1.73			^+
Betaine	3.3	1.19	1.20
TMAO	3.26	1.20	1.71
Creatinine	3.06, 4.06	0.81	1.62			^+

Values are expressed as the (standard error of the mean) of five rats; vs. negative control (OB), vs. negative control (OB), ⁺ vs. normal control (LN), and ⁺⁺ vs. normal control (LN).