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No. | Antioxidants | Mechanism | Major outcome | References |
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1 | A–tocopherol | The downregulation of PSA levels | A–tocopherol slowed the progression of PCa patients with biochemical recurrence; Higher serum a-tocopherol at baseline improved PCa survival | [228] |
2 | A-carotene | A-carotene negatively regulate percent free PSA level, but not total PSA | A–carotene conferred a favorable prognosis after PCa recurrence. | [229] |
3 | Lycopene | Significant declines in serum PSA and markers of oxidative DNA damage; Prolongation of PSA doubting time | Lycopene was associated with a reduced risk of lethal PCa and enhanced the efficiency of radical prostatectomy. | [230, 231] |
4 | Vitamin D | Vitamin D slowed the rate of PSA increase | Vitamin D was beneficial to patients with asymptomatic progressive PCa; Vitamin D improved response rate and increased median survival time in patients taking docetaxel therapy. | [232, 233] |
5 | Selenium | Selenium regulated GPX1 to reduce lipid and hydrogen peroxides to water. | Selenium reduced PCa susceptibility and the risk of aggressive PCa. | [234–236] |
6 | Zinc | Inhibitions of metallothionein and NOX expression; Zinc served as a cofactor for the SOD enzyme. | Zinc improved survival only in men with early-stage cancers; Zinc modestly reduced the risk of high-grade disease | [237, 238] |
7 | Soy isoflavones | Soy isoflavones inhibited NF-κB and HIF-1α up-regulated by radiotherapy. | Soy isoflavones sensitized PCa patients to the radiotherapy and mitigated normal tissue injury. | [239, 240] |
8 | Green tea catechins | The electron delocalization and free radical scavenging | Green tea catechins served as secondary chemoprevention of PCa and reduced PCa incidences of men diagnosed with HG-PIN. | [241, 242] |
9 | Resveratrol | Resveratrol diminished NOX activity and increased the expression of CAT and glutathione reductase; Resveratrol prolonged the doubling time for PSA. | Resveratrol decreased the risk of PCa in men with the SOD2 Ala/Ala genotype. | [243] |
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