[Retracted] Glucosamine Supplementation in Premating Drinking Water Improves Within-Litter Birth Weight Uniformity of Rats Partly through Modulating Hormone Metabolism and Genes Involved in Implantation

Figure 1

Glucosamine (GlcN) supplementation before mating improves reproductive outcomes on day 19.5 of pregnancy. Fetal weight indicated body weight in late gestation (day 19.5 of pregnancy). Each icon in the figure represents the index of a litter of rats (n = 11 dams per group). (a) Within-litter birth weight uniformity, coefficient of pup birth weight variation (CV) = standard deviation of litter birth weight/average litter birth weight. (b) Average litter weight of live-born rats and (c) maternal placental efficiency were improved in the GlcN group compared with the control group. (d) Litter size (number of live-born rats) did not have a significant difference between groups. All data were represented as mean ± SEM. There were statistically significant differences between groups when P value <0.05.

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