Knowledge, Awareness, and Health-Seeking Behaviour regarding Tuberculosis in a Rural District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Table 1

Methodological details of the study.

Methodology	Quantitative component	Qualitative component
(a) Data collection method	Cross-sectional survey	Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)
(b) Sampling	A 2-stage stratified cluster sampling was employed, i.e., 20 union councils (smallest administrative structure of Pakistan) were selected as the primary sampling unit and then 25 households in each union council were marked as the secondary sampling unit (with an interval of 2 houses for urban clusters and 1 for rural clusters). One adult family member of each household was randomly selected by the Kish technique and interviewed. In case the selected member was not available, the team would try to locate him/her or else move on to the next household. Minors and acutely sick members of the family were excluded.	Purposive sampling was used to include the specific participants for FGDs.
(c) Sample size	The total sample comprised 526 individuals for which the following formula was used: (ignoring the design effects); where “” is the difference between upper and lower limits of the interval estimate that is 5% (0.05) which is standard, “” is prevalence, i.e., the probability of the indicator to be measured, and “” is the sample size. By custom, one wants 95% confidence () that the true value for an indicator would be within two standard errors of prevalence (). The confidence level is assumed 95% precision, 5% point ( = 0.05), and conventionally, the “” value is assumed 50% to work out the maximum sample size, in such situations where no prior estimates of “” are available from any secondary sources. Hence, n = 196.2 (upward rounded to 197), and then using a design effect of 2 (197 x 2 = 394), and an expected response rate 75% (394/0.75 = 525.33), the final sample size was rounded off to 526.	Five FGDs were conducted with 47 participants in all. Each FGD comprised 8-12 participants and lasted from 50 to 90 minutes.; (i) District health authorities, i.e., District Health Officer, Manager TB program, and District Managers of other health programs.; (ii) Lady health workers, NGO workers, and private health providers; (iii) Opinion leaders, i.e., teachers, imam mosque, barber, shopkeepers, ex-service men, social workers, community activists, etc.; (iv) Male TB patients under treatment; (v) Female TB patients under treatment
(d) Data collection tool	Validated structured questionnaire	FGD guide with main questions, follow-up questions, and probes
(e) Data analysis	Data entered in MS Excel and analysed in SPSS v22 for computing simple descriptive frequencies and for seeing significant statistical association by applying Pearson’s chi-squared test.	Transcripts manually coded. An analytical approach, i.e., framework analysis, was adopted, and then coding was done to identify patterns, subthemes, and themes.