Research Article
Effects of Long-Term Use of Insoles with a Toe-Grip Bar on the Balance, Walking, and Running of Preschool Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 2
Comparison of parameters before and after training of the intervention and control groups.
| Parameters | Group | Before | After | Main effect of time | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | -value | value |
| Total trajectory length (cm) | Intervention | 19.36 | 6.71 | 17.57 | 4.74 | 2.18 | 0.15 | Control | 21.06 | 5.52 | 20.64 | 5.68 | Envelope area (cm2) | Intervention | 1.08 | 0.42 | 1.08 | 0.64 | 0.02 | 0.88 | Control | 1.36 | 0.83 | 1.33 | 0.53 | Walking speed (cm/s) | Intervention | 111.70 | 26.72 | 113.46 | 22.96 | 0.63 | 0.43 | Control | 114.26 | 12.04 | 108.01 | 17.77 | Cadence (steps/min) | Intervention | 145.40 | 23.28 | 143.53 | 19.33 | 3.12 | 0.08 | Control | 145.25 | 12.60 | 138.74 | 14.72 | Stride length (cm) | Intervention | 91.69 | 11.59 | 94.77 | 13.50 | 0.11 | 0.74 | Control | 95.08 | 8.47 | 93.28 | 12.06 | Stance time (s) | Intervention | 0.48 | 0.09 | 0.48 | 0.08 | 2.96 | 0.09 | Control | 0.48 | 0.04 | 0.50 | 0.06 | Swing time (s) | Intervention | 0.36 | 0.04 | 0.37 | 0.04 | 1.04 | 0.31 | Control | 0.36 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 0.04 | 25 m running time (s) | Intervention | 6.72 | 0.53 | 6.46 | 0.58 | 5.66 | 0.02 | Control | 6.49 | 0.67 | 6.37 | 0.64 |
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SD: standard deviation; : significant difference before and after the intervention. |