Polydeoxyribonucleotide Exerts Therapeutic Effect by Increasing VEGF and Inhibiting Inflammatory Cytokines in Ischemic Colitis Rats

Figure 2

Ischemic colitis-induced morphological and histological changes. Left column: morphological analysis. Red arrows indicate hyperemia and ulceration. Middle column: hematoxylin and eosin staining (nuclei were stained blue and fibers were stained pink). Yellow arrows indicate loss of epithelial cells and distortion of mucosa. Right column: Masson trichrome staining (cytoplasm was stained pink and collagen fibers were stained blue). Black arrows indicate collagen deposition. Lower column: morphological score, colonic damage score, and collagen in each group. (A) The sham-operated group, (B) the ischemic colitis-induced group, (C) the ischemic colitis-induced and 4 mg/kg PDRN-treated group, (D) the ischemic colitis-induced and 8 mg/kg PDRN-treated group, and (E) the ischemic colitis-induced and 16 mg/kg PDRN-treated group. Inset shows histological damage and collagen fibers. The scale bar represents 150 μm (A–E). Insets are higher magnification (scale bar: 50 μm). versus sham-operated group, ^# versus ischemic colitis-induced group.