3D Printing Decellularized Extracellular Matrix to Design Biomimetic Scaffolds for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering

Table 2

Decellularization protocols for skeletal muscle dECM obtainment reported in the last 5 years.

Method	Materials	Muscle	Results	Ref
Detergent	Sodium dodecyl sulfate; Triton X-100; Sodium deoxycholate	Porcine skeletal	Suitable decellularization using only SDS; Production of a too thin gel for hydrogel	[53]
		Porcine major psoas	Suitable decellularization	[54]
		Rat gastrocnemius	Unaltered ECM anisotropy and chemical components	[55]
		Rat hind limb	Suitable decellularization; Loss of specific sarcolemma proteins	[56]
		Bovine tail	Suitable decellularization	[57]
		Human flexor digitorum superficialis	ECM decellularized with unaltered composition	[51]
Detergent/enzymatic	Det + deoxyribonuclease; Det + ribonuclease A; Det + Trypsin	Rat, rabbit, human skeletal	Triton+trypsin resulted more effective in removing cellular material and maintaining the 3D fiber networks	[50]
		Rat diaphragm	Suitable decellularization; ECM conservation, tissue micro- and ultra-architecture preservation	[58]
		Porcine skeletal	Suitable decellularization and gelation using trypsin/EDTA, Triton X-100, and Triton X-100/SDS	[53]
		Human rectus femoris and supraspinatus	Suitable decellularization	[59]
		Porcine rectus abdominal	ECM decellularized; Altered ECM proteins levels	[60]
		Rat diaphragm	Suitable decellularization	[61, 62]
		Rabbit hind leg	ECM decellularized with unaltered collagen, proteins, and sGAG levels; Loss of stiffness	[63]
		Rabbit lower limb	Suitable decellularization; Altered collagen levels; Increased pore sizes	[64]
		Porcine skeletal	Suitable decellularization; Altered collagen, GAGs, and elastin levels; No proper structural stability	[65]
		Porcine lower limb	ECM decellularized with altered collagen, elastin, and sGAG levels	[66]
		Human flexor digitorum superficialis	ECM not completely decellularized	[51]
Detergent/alcohol	Det + isopropanol; Det + methanol	Porcine psoas	Suitable decellularization	[67, 68]
		Porcine longissimus dorsi	Suitable decellularization; Difference in fat and protein compositions depending on harvesting conditions	[69]
Detergent/enzymatic/Alcohol		Porcine rectus abdominis	ECM decellularized; Altered ECM proteins levels	[70]
		Porcine tibialis anterior	Suitable decellularization	[71, 72]
No detergent/no enzymatic	Latrunculin B; Potassium chloride; Potassium iodide	Rat hind limb	Suitable decellularization; Loss of VEGF	[56]
		Human flexor digitorum superficialis	ECM not completely decellularized	[51]