Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Tinnitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Table 1

Characteristics of included studies on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for tinnitus in the meta-analysis.

Study	Groups()	Gender (male/female)	Age (years)	Patients	Stimulation location	Parameters	Treatment duration	Follow-up	Measurement
Anders 2010, [21]	Real: 26; Sham: 26	Real: 12/10; Sham: 17/3	Real: Sham:	months	Left primary auditory cortex	1 Hz, 110% RMT, 1500 pulses	2 weeks	Posttreatment, 1 month, 6 months	THI, TQ, VAS
Marcondes 2010, [20]	Real: 10; Sham: 9	Not reported	>18 years old	months	Left temporoparietal cortex	1 Hz, 110% RMT, 1020 pulses	5 days	1 month, 6 months	THI
Langguth 2012, [19]	Real: 96; Sham: 45	Real: 67/29; Sham: 31/14	Real: Sham:	months	Left temporal cortex	1 Hz, 110% RMT, 2000 pulses	2 weeks	Posttreatment, 7 weeks, 11 weeks	TQ
Barwood 2013, [18]	Real: 4; Sham: 4	Real: 2/2; Sham: 2/2	Real: Sham:	month	Left primary auditory cortex	1 Hz, 100% RMT, 2000 pulses	2 weeks	1 week, 1 month, 3 months	THI
Hoekstra 2013, [17]	Real: 26; Sham: 24	Real: 26/0; Sham: 15/9	Real: Sham:	months	Bilateral primary auditory cortex	1 Hz, 110% RMT, 2000 pulses	5 days	Posttreatment, 1 month, 6 months	THI, TQ, VAS
Folmer 2015, [16]	Real: 32; Sham: 32	Real: 25/7; Sham: 26/6	Real: Sham:	year	Left or right auditory cortex	1 Hz, 110% RMT, 2000 pulses	2 weeks	Posttreatment	THI
Wang 2016, [22]	Real: 14; Sham: 10	Real: 6/8; Sham: 3/10	Real: Sham:	months	Left temporoparietal cortex	1 Hz, 110%MT, 1000 pulses	2 weeks	Posttreatment	VAS
Landgrebe 2017, [12]	Real: 71; Sham: 75	Real: 54/17; Sham: 51/24	Real: Sham:	months	Left temporal cortex	1 Hz,110% RMT, 2000 pulses	2 weeks	Posttreatment, 6 months	THI, TQ
Sahlsten 2017, [15]	Real: 19; Sham: 20	27/12	Real: Sham:	months	Left auditory cortex	1 Hz,100% RMT, 4000 pulses	2 weeks	1 week, 1 month, 6 months	THI, VAS
Kyong 2019, [14]	Real: 16; Sham: 8	Real: 10/6; Sham: 6/2	Real: Sham:	months	Temporal cortex or the temporal and the frontal regions	1 Hz,110% RMT, 3000 pulses	2 weeks	Posttreatment	THI

Real = real group; sham = sham group; RMT = resting motor threshold; THI = Tinnitus Handicap Inventory; TQ = Tinnitus Questionnaire; VAS = visual analogue scale.