D-Lactic Acid as a Metabolite: Toxicology, Diagnosis, and Detection

Table 1

Enzymes involved in D-lactate metabolism.

Name of enzyme	EC number	Substrates	Products	Producing organisms	References
D-Lactate dehydrogenase	EC 1.1.1.28	D-Lactate + NAD^+	Pyruvate + NADH	Fungi Phytophthora undulata, Pythium debaryanum, and Sapromyces elongatus, bacteria Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[27–30]
D-Lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)	EC 1.1.2.4	D-Lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c	Pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2H^+	Plant Arabidopsis thaliana, yeast Hansenula polymorpha and Saccharomyces cerevisiae	[31–33]
D-Lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome c-553)	EC 1.1.2.5	D-Lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c-553	Pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c-553 + 2H^+	Bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris	[35]
D-Lactate dehydratase (also glyoxalase 3)	EC 4.2.1.130	D-Lactate	Methylglyoxal + H2O	Homo sapiens	[36]