D-Lactic Acid as a Metabolite: Toxicology, Diagnosis, and Detection

Table 3

Biochemical parameters of blood in D-lactate exposure case reports.

Assay type	Principle of selectivity to D-isomer over L-isomer	References
Electrochemical biosensor	Selectivity given by enzyme D-lactate dehydrogenase	[97]
Electrochemical (amperometric) biosensor	Selectivity given by enzyme D-lactate oxidoreductase (cytochrome)	[98]
Optical (fluorimetry) test based on reduction of NAD^+ to NADH	Selectivity given by enzyme D-lactate dehydrogenase	[99]
GC MS	D- and L-lactic acid derivatization by L-menthol	[100]
Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-MS	D- and L-lactic acid derivatization by (S)(+)-1-(2-pyrrolidinylmethyl)-pyrrolidine	[101]
HPLC-MS	Selectivity of a chiral column	[102]