Effect of Health-Promoting Lifestyle Modification Education on Knowledge, Attitude, and Quality of Life of Postmenopausal Women
Table 3
Comparison of mean scores of overall QOL of intervention and control groups in three stages of evaluation ().
QOL Scores
Group
Evaluations
Within group comparison ( value)a
Between group comparison ( value)a
interaction ( value)
Effect size ()
Between group comparison at the end of 6 months follow-up ( value)b
E1 Mean (SD)
E2 Mean (SD)
E3 Mean (SD)
Physical functioning
C
68.80 (25.06)
68.91 (24.02)
54.94 (18.52)
<0.001
0.37
0.40 (<0.001)
0.59
<0.001
I
64.89 (24.19)
65.00 (24.15)
76.35 (14.02)
<0.001
Role performance due to physical problems
C
37.14 (43.45)
37.20 (42.51)
27.85 (32.59)
<0.001
0.01
0.57 (<0.001)
0.42
<0.001
I
37.16 (44.33)
37.50 (43.72)
89.18 (17.22)
<0.001
Role performance due to emotional problems
C
49.52 (46.70)
49.50 (46.64)
37.14 (35.02)
<0.001
0.02
0.70 (<0.001)
0.29
<0.001
I
55.85(47.82)
56.71(47.19)
88.28(21.10)
<0.001
Vitality (perception of energy or fatigue)
C
61.00 (21.37)
60.57 (20.92)
59.67 (19.99)
0.20
0.33
0.78 (<0.001)
0.21
<0.001
I
63.78 (21.06)
63.70 (21.00)
67.43 (17.30)
0.001
Social functioning
C
73.57 (22.02)
71.78 (21.07)
64.28 (14.89)
<0.001
0.97
0.59 (<0.001)
0.40
<0.001
I
71.28 (23.54)
71.25 (22.51)
71.55 (23.05)
0.32
Emotional well-being
C
75.88 (16.10)
75.65 (15.77)
69.94 (11.90)
<0.001
0.76
0.76 (<0.001)
0.29
<0.001
I
73.29 (19.27)
73.40 (19.30)
75.13 (17.28)
0.01
Comfort (perception of pain)
C
58.21 (23.98)
57.51 (22.11)
53.21 (18.38)
0.25
0.08
0.79 (<0.001)
0.20
<0.001
I
64.52 (20.73)
63.81 (20.14)
66.28 (18.80)
0.16
General health
C
56.00 (16.66)
55.57 (16.43)
41.24 (10.64)
<0.001
<0.001
0.27 (<0.001)
0.72
<0.001
I
59.18 (17.77)
59.15 (16.22)
64.59 (15.38)
<0.001
Physical health dimension
C
56.29 (22.14)
55.56 (19.47)
45.93 (15.16)
<0.001
0.01
0.34 (<0.001)
0.65
<0.001
I
57.58 (21.59)
56.36 (19.31)
74.39 (9.24)
<0.001
Psychological dimension
C
64.29 (20.95)
63.79 (20.47)
56.14 (14.50)
<0.001
0.07
0.57 (<0.001)
0.42
<0.001
I
66.24 (21.55)
66.48 (21.50)
75.31 (13.71)
<0.001
Overall QOL
C
60.29 (20.37)
59.65 (18.78)
51.03 (13.61)
<0.001
0.02
0.35 (<0.001)
0.64
<0.001
I
61.91 (20.37)
61.42 (19.00)
74.85 (9.71)
<0.001
E: evaluation; QOL: quality of life; : Wilk’s lambda; : partial eta squared. Groups: I: intervention; C: control. aMeans between and within the group were compared with two-way repeated measure ANOVA. bMeans between the groups at the end of 6 months were compared with one-way ANCOVA while controlling the baseline characteristics.
