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| Author, year [Ref.] | Country | Age range or mean age (gender) | Study design | Sample size (cases) | Exposure measurement | Exposure definition | Outcome assessment | RR (95% CI) for the highest vs. lowest level | Adjustments |
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| Watson et al. 2002 [14] | UK | ≥45 (both) | C-C-S | 266 (150) | HEA3 Dietary Food Frequency Questionnaire | 0–22 VS 220 for fruits (g); 0–49 VS 93 for vegetables (g) | General practitioner’s diagnosis and spirometric tests | 0.45 (0.19–1.06) for fruits; 0.46 (0.23–0.94) for vegetables | Age, gender, smoking (matched), social class, body mass index, and vegetable intake (when analyzing fruits) |
| Hirayama et al. 2009 [15] | Japan | 50–75 (both) | C-C-S | 618 (278) | 138-Item food questionnaire | ≤141.0 VS ≥ 391.4 for fruits (g/day); ≤110.8 VS ≥ 252.0 for vegetables (g/day) | Physician’s diagnosis and spirometric tests | 0.82 (0.43–1.54) for fruits; 0.62 (0.32–1.2) for vegetables | Age, gender, BMI (5 years ago), education level (high school or below; college or university), alcohol drinking (nondrinker; drinker), cigarette smoking (never smoker; ex-smoker; current smoker), smoking pack-years, life-long physical activity involvement (never to not any more involved; always been involved), and daily intake of red meat, chicken, and fresh fish |
| Kaluza et al. 2017 [9] | Sweden | 45–79 (male) | C-S | 44335 (1918) | FFQ | <0.5 VS ≥ 1.9 for fruits (servings/day)< 1.2 VS ≥ 3.6 for vegetables (servings/day) | Swedish patient register and cause of death register | 0.73 (0.62–0.85) for fruits; 0.82 (0.7–0.97) for vegetables | Age (years, continuous), education (less than high school, high school, or university), body mass index (<18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25–29.9 or ≥30 kg/m2), total physical activity (MET × hour/day, quintiles), smoking status and pack-years of smoking (never; past <20, 20–39 or ≥40 pack-years; or current < 20, 20–39 or ≥40 pack-years), intake of energy (kcal/day, quintiles), alcohol consumption (g/day, quintiles), and modified recommended food score (scores, continuous) and nonrecommended food score (scores, continuous) |
| Kaluza et al. 2018 [10] | Sweden | 48–83 (female) | C-S | 34739 (1512) | FFQ | <0.8 VS ≥ 2.5 for fruits (servings/day); <1.3 VS ≥ 3.1 for vegetables (servings/day) | Swedish Patient Register And Cause Of Death Register | 0.63 (0.52–0.75) for fruits; 0.94 (0.79–1.13) for vegetables | Age (years, continuous), education (less than high school, high school or university), BMI (<18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25–29.9 or ≥30 kg/m2), total physical activity (MET h/d, quintiles), smoking status and pack-years of smoking (never; past <20, 20–39 or40 pack-years; or current < 20, 20–39 or ≥40 pack-years), dietary supplement use (regular, nonregular or no use), intake of energy (kcal/day, quintiles), alcohol consumption (g/day, quintiles), modified recommended food score (score, continuous) and nonrecommended food score (score, continuous) |
| Varraso et al. 2015 [13] | USA | 40–75 (male) | C-S | 47026 (167) | FFQ | Fruit and vegetable score lowest fifth VS highest fifth | Self-reported physician’s diagnosis and clinical test | 0.79 (0.44–1.39) for fruits; 0.92 (0.52–1.59) for vegetables | Age, physical activity, BMI, total energy intake, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, pack-years of smoking, race/ethnicity, physician visits, US region, and the other AHEI-2010 components |
| 30–55 (female) | C-S | 73228 (723) | FFQ | Fruit and vegetable score lowest fifth VS highest fifth | Self-reported physician’s diagnosis and clinical test | 0.82 (0.61–1.09) for fruits; 1.06 (0.8–1.4) for vegetables | Age, physical activity, BMI, total energy intake, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, pack-years of smoking, second hand tobacco exposure race/ethnicity, physician visits, US region, spouse’s highest educational attainment menopausal status, and the other AHEI-2010 components |
| Yin et al. 2011 [11] | China | 15–69 (both) | C-S-S | 32484 (750) | Standardized questionnaire | <2 VS 5–7 for fruits (d/week); <4 VS 6–7 for vegetables (d/week) | Self-reported physician’s diagnosis | 0.8 (0.66–0.98) for fruit 0.65 (0.48–0.89) for vegetables | Age, gender, urban/rural areas, smoking status, passive smoking exposure and family history |
| Meteran et al. 2018 [12] | Denmark | 58.9 (both) | C-S-S | 11458 (289) | Questionnaire | Never VS 1–3 times/week for fruits and raw vegetables | Medical history and the prebronchodilator lung function test | 0.4 (0.17–0.97) for fruits; 0.48 (0.31–0.73) for raw vegetables | Age, gender, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity |
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