Rapamycin-Induced Autophagy Promotes the Chondrogenic Differentiation of Synovium-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Temporomandibular Joint in Response to IL-1β

Figure 1

Characterization of SMSCs in the temporomandibular joint. (a) SMSCs tested positive for CD90, CD73, CD105, CD44, and negative for CD34, CD11b, CD45, HLA-DR. (b) Alizarin red staining of SMSCs cultured in osteogenic medium for 2 weeks, and the relative levels of RUNX2 and ALP mRNA in the control and osteogenic induction groups (scale ; indicates ). (c) Oil red O staining of SMSCs after adipogenic induction for 2 weeks, and the relative levels of PPARG2 and LPL mRNA in the control and adipogenic induction groups (scale ; indicates ). (d) Cartilage pellet formed in the chondrogenic medium over 2 weeks (scale ); alcian blue staining and collagen II immunohistochemical staining of cells in the pellet (scale ).

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