Anion Gap Was Associated with Inhospital Mortality and Adverse Clinical Outcomes of Coronary Care Unit Patients
Table 4
Subgroup analysis of associations between inhospital all-cause mortality and AG (mmol/L).
Subgroups
Quartile 1
Quartile 2
Quartile 3
Quartile 4
for interaction
Gender
0.839
Male
2042
Ref
1.21 (0.80-1.84)
1.32 (0.86-2.01)
2.98 (2.07-4.27)
Female
1551
Ref
0.79 (0.49-1.27)
1.50 (0.96-2.33)
2.43 (1.64-3.61)
Age (years)
0.968
<72
1832
Ref
1.08 (0.67-1.75)
1.09 (0.66-1.80)
2.82 (1.87-4.25)
≥72
1761
Ref
0.97 (0.64-1.47)
1.62 (1.10-2.39)
2.71 (1.90-3.85)
Race
0.244
White
2551
Ref
1.07 (0.74-1.54)
1.30 (0.91-1.87)
2.57 (1.88-3.52)
Black
263
Ref
0.14 (0.16-1.28)
0.77 (0.19-3.03)
2.29 (0.80-6.57)
Other
779
Ref
1.13 (0.57-2.22)
1.98 (1.05-3.73)
3.41 (1.91-6.07)
Body mass index (kg/m2)
0.332
<27
1792
Ref
0.96 (0.64-1.46)
1.49 (0.99-2.22)
2.45 (1.72-3.48)
≥27
1801
Ref
1.08 (0.67-1.75)
1.35 (0.84-2.17)
3.14 (2.09-4.72)
Coronary artery disease
0.530
Yes
1793
Ref
1.20 (0.73-1.97)
1.68 (1.04-2.73)
3.10 (2.00-4.81)
No
1800
Ref
0.94 (0.62-1.41)
1.31 (0.88-1.95)
2.55 (1.82-3.57)
Acute myocardial infarction
0.269
Yes
674
Ref
1.15 (0.50-2.62)
2.10 (0.99-4.46)
3.65 (1.83-7.30)
No
2919
Ref
0.99 (0.70-1.39)
1.29 (0.92-1.81)
2.58 (1.93-3.45)
Atrial fibrillation
0.921
Yes
1349
Ref
1.16 (0.72-1.86)
1.40 (0.88-2.24)
2.91 (1.93-4.40)
No
2244
Ref
0.90 (0.59-1.37)
1.39 (0.93-1.08)
2.59 (1.83-3.68)
Ventricular arrhythmias
0.065
Yes
206
Ref
6.56 (0.76-56.55)
9.17 (1.12-75.13)
17.68 (2.30-135.7)
No
3387
Ref
0.94 (0.68-1.30)
1.29 (0.94-1.76)
2.45 (1.86-3.22)
Third-degree atrioventricular block
0.687
Yes
153
Ref
0.30 (0.03-2.99)
0.91 (0.17-4.86)
2.51 (0.63-10.1)
No
3440
Ref
1.04 (0.76-1.42)
1.43 (1.05-1.95)
2.73 (2.08-3.58)
Congestive heart failure
0.013
Yes
1935
Ref
0.84 (0.56-1.27)
1.15 (0.77-1.71)
1.97 (1.40-2.78)
No
1658
Ref
1.26 (0.77-2.05)
1.78 (1.11-2.88)
4.07 (2.66-6.23)
Primary cardiomyopathy
0.994
Yes
294
Ref
0.97 (0.23-4.05)
1.78 (0.51-6.22)
2.64 (0.84-8.29)
No
3299
Ref
1.01 (0.73-1.39)
1.39 (1.01-1.91)
2.76 (2.10-3.64)
Valve disease
0.919
Yes
776
Ref
0.75 (0.35-1.60)
1.38 (0.69-2.78)
2.34 (1.264.37)
No
2817
Ref
1.08 (0.77-1.53)
1.42 (1.01-1.99)
2.84 (2.12-3.82)
Endocarditis
0.617
Yes
64
Ref
0.67 (0.10-4.58)
0.91 (0.13-6.40)
3.89 (0.80-18.97)
No
3529
Ref
1.02 (0.74-1.40)
1.42 (1.04-1.94)
2.71 (2.07-3.56)
Cardiogenic shock
0.352
Yes
471
Ref
1.00 (0.48-2.09)
1.43 (0.70-2.92)
1.88 (1.01-3.51)
No
3122
Ref
0.97 (0.68-1.37)
1.30 (0.92-1.83)
2.55 (1.88-3.44)
Hypertension
0.126
Yes
1456
Ref
1.01 (0.60-1.67)
1.50 (0.90-2.48)
3.44 (2.21-5.38)
No
2137
Ref
1.00 (0.67-1.48)
1.30 (0.88-1.91)
2.27 (1.62-3.17)
Diabetes
0.914
Yes
1205
Ref
1.35 (0.73-2.49)
1.72 (0.94-3.13)
2.94 (1.72-5.02)
No
2388
Ref
0.91 (0.63-1.32)
1.32 (0.93-1.90)
2.79 (2.04-3.82)
Hypercholesterolemia
0.019
Yes
1200
Ref
1.54 (0.80-2.95)
2.22 (1.18-4.19)
4.89 (2.75-8.69)
No
2393
Ref
0.88 (0.61-1.26)
1.20 (0.84-1.71)
2.17 (1.60-2.95)
Chronic lung disease
<0.001
Yes
885
Ref
0.94 (0.56-1.56)
0.72 (0.42-1.22)
1.55 (0.99-2.41)
No
2708
Ref
1.18 (0.78-1.77)
2.04 (1.39-3.01)
3.82 (2.70-5.42)
Respiratory failure
0.005
Yes
1272
Ref
0.71 (0.46-1.09)
1.14 (0.76-1.72)
1.67 (1.18-2.38)
No
2321
Ref
1.62 (0.99-2.65)
1.85 (1.12-3.04)
4.26 (2.74-6.62)
Chronic kidney disease
0.813
Yes
752
Ref
1.49 (0.65-3.40)
1.35 (0.59-3.10)
2.86 (1.37-5.97)
No
2841
Ref
0.93 (0.66-1.31)
1.45 (1.04-2.01)
2.78 (2.08-3.73)
Chronic liver disease
0.538
Yes
125
Ref
1.22 (0.30-4.90)
1.03 (0.23-4.66)
2.23 (0.76-6.60)
No
3468
Ref
1.02 (0.74-1.40)
1.44 (1.05-1.97)
2.76 (2.10-3.63)
Malignancy
0.109
Yes
518
Ref
0.97 (0.49-1.94)
1.14 (0.55-2.39)
1.82 (0.95-3.52)
No
3075
Ref
1.00 (0.70-1.42)
1.47 (1.05-2.06)
2.94 (2.19-3.95)
Autoimmune disease
0.680
Yes
156
Ref
0.53 (0.12-2.30)
1.21 (0.35-4.18)
1.94 (0.65-5.77)
No
3437
Ref
1.04 (0.76-1.44)
1.42 (1.04-1.94)
2.78 (2.11-3.66)
Prior myocardial infarction
0.706
Yes
323
Ref
1.43 (0.51-3.97)
1.22 (0.43-3.44)
2.77 (1.09-7.06)
No
3270
Ref
0.97 (0.70-1.35)
1.43 (1.04-1.96)
2.71 (2.06-3.58)
Prior stroke
0.413
Yes
61
Ref
-
3.6 (0.29-44.82)
3.6 (0.39-33.50)
No
3508
Ref
1.03 (0.75-1.41)
1.38 (1.02-1.88)
2.72 (2.08-3.55)
Antiplatelet
0.678
Yes
2274
Ref
1.02 (0.69-1.53)
1.61 (1.09-2.36)
2.81 (2.00-3.96)
No
1319
Ref
0.99 (0.60-1.64)
1.12 (0.68-1.84)
2.57 (1.68-3.93)
Oral anticoagulants
0.011
Yes
1047
Ref
0.99 (0.51-1.89)
0.57 (0.26-1.25)
1.57 (0.86-2.86)
No
2546
Ref
1.02 (0.71-1.46)
1.69 (1.20-2.37)
3.06 (2.26-4.13)
Beta-blockers
0.002
Yes
2513
Ref
0.90 (0.61-1.31)
1.24 (0.85-1.80)
1.98 (1.43-2.76)
No
1080
Ref
1.28 (0.74-2.23)
1.75 (1.03-2.98)
4.58 (2.86-7.34)
ACEI/ARB
<0.001
Yes
1882
Ref
0.96 (0.58-1.59)
1.17 (0.71-1.95)
1.40 (0.87-2.24)
No
1711
Ref
1.04 (0.70-1.56)
1.56 (1.06-2.31)
3.43 (2.45-4.81)
Statin
0.846
Yes
2095
Ref
1.02 (0.65-1.60)
1.45 (0.93-2.24)
2.62 (1.78-3.85)
No
1498
Ref
1.02 (0.66-1.59)
1.37 (0.89-2.10)
2.75 (1.90-3.98)
Vasopressin
0.042
Yes
234
Ref
0.65 (0.27-1.56)
0.89 (0.37-2.11)
1.18 (0.56-2.47)
No
3359
Ref
1.05 (0.74-1.48)
1.45 (1.04-2.04)
2.78 (2.06-3.74)
White blood cell (109/L)
0.057
<10.5
1778
Ref
0.80 (0.52-1.23)
1.22 (0.79-1.87)
1.91 (1.29-2.84)
≥10.5
1815
Ref
1.25 (0.78-2.01)
1.54 (0.98-2.43)
3.10 (2.07-4.65)
Platelet (109/L)
0.170
<221
1793
Ref
1.10 (0.71-1.72)
1.80 (1.18-2.75)
3.30 (2.27-4.81)
≥221
1800
Ref
0.91 (0.58-1.41)
1.07 (0.69-1.66)
2.22 (1.52-3.24)
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
0.223
<11.4
1777
Ref
0.93 (0.62-1.39)
1.24 (0.82-1.86)
2.42 (1.70-3.43)
≥11.4
1816
Ref
1.16 (0.71-1.90)
1.73 (1.09-2.76)
3.31 (2.17-5.04)
Glucose (mg/dL)
0.828
<132
1773
Ref
1.12 (0.74-1.70)
1.42 (0.93-2.16)
2.88 (1.97-4.22)
≥132
1820
Ref
0.86 (0.53-1.39)
1.32 (0.84-2.08)
2.44 (1.65-3.62)
Creatinine (mg/dL)
0.177
<1.1
1537
Ref
0.99 (0.64-1.54)
1.24 (0.78-1.97)
2.20 (1.40-3.45)
≥1.1
2056
Ref
0.96 (0.61-1.52)
1.37 (0.89-2.11)
2.52 (1.72-3.68)
Blood nitrogen urea (mg/dL)
0.365
<24
1728
Ref
1.08 (0.68-1.73)
1.34 (0.81-2.20)
2.79 (1.77-4.39)
≥24
1865
Ref
0.83 (0.54-1.27)
1.06 (0.71-1.27)
1.76 (1.24-2.50)
Sodium (mmol/L)
0.123
<138
1456
Ref
1.16 (0.73-1.84)
1.26 (0.79-2.00)
2.28 (1.53-3.39)
≥138
2137
Ref
0.89 (0.58-1.37)
1.50 (1.00-2.25)
3.02 (2.10-4.33)
Potassium (mmol/L)
0.290
<4.1
1625
Ref
0.95 (0.60-1.50)
1.70 (1.09-2.64)
3.12 (2.09-4.65)
≥4.1
1968
Ref
1.04 (0.68-1.61)
1.17 (0.77-1.79)
2.39 (1.66-3.44)
Binary logistic regression analysis was used, and results were presented as OR (odds ratio) and 95% CI (confidence interval). Abbreviation: AG: anion gap; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker.
