Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss Are Associated with Lung Cancer Risk
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the included studies.
Article
Country and year
Study design
Exposure measure
Cancer measure
Age (year)
Follow up (year)
Sample size
Case
Type of exposure
Adjusted variables
Study quality
Guven
Turkey 2019
Cohort study
Exam
Incidence
Median: 57.7
Median: 7.2
5199
32
Periodontal disease
Age and sex
5
Yoon
USA 2019
Case-control study
Self-reported
Incidence
40-79
NR
2015
403
Periodontal disease; tooth loss
BMI, education, household income, COPD, alcohol drinking, smoking status, pack-years, and missing data on oral health
6
Goto
Japan 2019
Cohort study
Self-reported
Mortality
35-70
Median: 10.2
11273
113
Remaining teeth
Age, sex, BMI, pack-years of smoking, alcohol consumption, education level, marital status, physical exercise, and medical history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus
7
Heikkila
Finland 2018
Cohort study
Exam
Mortality
Mean: 43
Mean: 10.1
68273
161
Periodontal disease
Calendar time, age, sex, socioeconomic status, number of teeth, dental treatments, oral health indices, need of periodontal treatment, and diabetes
7
Michaud
USA 2018
Cohort study
Exam
Incidence
44-66
Mean: 14.7
7466
226
Periodontal disease; edentulism
Age, field center, education level, smoking status, smoking duration, drinking status, BMI, diabetes status, sex, HRT use, and race
8
Nwizu
USA 2017
Cohort study
Self-reported
Incidence
54-86
Mean:
65869
855
Periodontal disease
Age, pack-years, and BMI
5
Chrysanthakopoulos
Greece 2016
Case-control study
Exam
Incidence
Mean:
NR
200
64
Periodontal disease
Gender, smoking, socioeconomic level, educational level, age, cancer family history, history of previous pulmonary disease, and annual dental follow-up
6
Arora
Australia 2010
Cohort study
Self-reported
Incidence
Median: 51 (range: 38-77)
Median: 27 (range: 1-41)
15333
225
Periodontal disease
Sex, age, education, employment, number of siblings, smoking status, smoking status of partner, alcohol status, diabetes, and BMI
5
Michaud
USA 2008
Cohort study
Self-reported
Incidence
Range: 40-75
Median: 17.7
48375
678
Periodontal disease; number of teeth
Age, ethnic origin, physical activity, history of diabetes, alcohol, BMI, geographical location, height, calcium intake, total calorific intake, red-meat intake, fruit and vegetable intake, vitamin D score, smoking history, and pack-years
5
Hiraki
Japan 2008
Case-control study
Self-reported
Incidence
58
NR
15720
909
Remaining teeth
Age, sex, smoking and drinking status, vegetable and fruit intake, BMI, and regular exercise
5
Tu
UK 2007
Cohort study
Exam
Mortality
Median: 19 (IQR: 3)
Mean:
12223
NR
Tooth loss
Baseline smoking status
4
Hujoel
USA 2003
Cohort study
Exam
Mortality
Range: 25-74
About 17-21
11328
191
Periodontal disease; edentulism
Age, gender, poverty index, education, race, smoking duration and packs per day, cigar smoking, passive smoke, vitamins A & C and alcohol sampling design
7
BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HRT: hormone replacement therapy; IQR: interquartile range; NR: not reported; UK: United Kingdom; USA: United States of America.