Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss Are Associated with Lung Cancer Risk
Table 2
The results for the associations between periodontal disease, tooth loss, and lung cancer risk.
RR
Heter
Publication bias
Periodontal disease
Overall
9
1.37 (1.16-1.63)
<0.001
62.70%
;
Overall without Guven
8
1.43 (1.30-1.56)
<0.001
7.30%
;
Study type
Cohort
7
1.33 (1.09-1.62)
0.004
68.80%
;
Cohort without Guven
6
1.42 (1.29-1.56)
<0.001
13.10%
;
Case-control study
2
1.52 (1.16-1.98)
0.002
37.00%
; Egger’s test = /
Cancer ascertainment
Cancer incidence
7
1.37 (1.12-1.68)
0.002
70.40%
;
Cancer incidence without Guven
6
1.43 (1.30-1.57)
<0.001
21.00%
;
Cancer mortality
3
1.22 (1.02-1.45)
0.027
0.00%
;
Exposure ascertainment
Exam
5
1.41 (0.90-2.21)
0.135
79.70%
;
Exam without Guven
4
1.65 (1.32-2.07)
<0.001
30.30%
;
Self-reported
4
1.39 (1.26-1.53)
<0.001
0.00%
;
Sample size
<12000
5
1.46 (0.96-2.21)
0.075
79.70%
;
<12000 without Guven
4
1.67 (1.37-2.03)
<0.001
0.00%
;
≥12000
4
1.37 (1.24-1.51)
<0.001
0.00%
;
Country
Not Asia
8
1.43 (1.30-1.56)
<0.001
7.30%
;
Sex
Male
3
1.19 (0.65-2.17)
0.575
88.80%
;
Female
3
1.34 (1.17-1.52)
<0.001
0.00%
;
Study quality
≥7
3
1.60 (1.27-2.03)
<0.001
37.2%
;
<7
6
1.30 (1.05-1.59)
0.014
69.1%
;
Adjusted variables
Sex+age
8
1.37 (1.12-1.67)
0.002
67.10%
;
Smoking
7
1.44 (1.31-1.58)
<0.001
11.60%
;
Alcohol drinking
5
1.53 (1.36-1.73)
<0.001
0.00%
;
BMI
5
1.42 (1.30-1.56)
<0.001
12.3%
;
Diabetes
4
1.50 (1.31-1.71)
<0.001
9.3%
;
Smoking+alcohol drinking
5
1.53 (1.36-1.73)
<0.001
0.00%
;
Smoking+alcohol drinking+sex+age
4
1.55 (1.36-1.78)
<0.001
0.00%
;
Smoking+alcohol drinking+sex+age+BMI+diabetes
3
1.54 (1.34-1.78)
<0.001
0.0%
;
Adjusted smoking factor
Amount of smoking
5
1.40 (1.27-1.54)
<0.001
0.0%
;
Duration of smoking
2
1.86 (1.40-2.48)
<0.001
0.0%
; Egger’s test = /
Tooth loss
Overall
7
1.69 (1.46-1.96)
<0.001
0.00%
;
Study type
Cohort
5
1.73 (1.46-2.05)
<0.001
0.00%
;
Case-control study
2
1.58 (1.16-2.14)
0.003
0.00%
; Egger’s test = /
Cancer ascertainment
Cancer incidence
4
1.73 (1.47-2.05)
<0.001
0.00%
;
Cancer mortality
3
1.54 (1.10-2.14)
0.011
0.00%
;
Exposure ascertainment
Exam
3
1.80 (1.28-2.54)
0.001
38.00%
;
Self-reported
4
1.67 (1.41-1.97)
<0.001
0.00%
;
Sample size
<12000
4
1.82 (1.40-2.37)
<0.001
0.00%
;
≥12000
3
1.63 (1.36-1.96)
<0.001
0.00%
;
Country
Asia
2
1.62 (1.20-2.19)
0.002
0.00%
; Egger’s test = /
Not Asia
5
1.72 (1.45-2.04)
<0.001
0.00%
;
Sex
Male
3
1.66 (1.15-2.41)
0.007
70.40%
;
Female
2
1.49 (1.02-2.19)
0.040
0.00%
; Egger’s test = /
Study quality
≥7
3
1.90 (1.39-2.58)
<0.001
17.2%
;
<7
4
1.64 (1.38-1.94)
<0.001
0.0%
;
Adjusted variables
Sex+age
5
1.72 (1.47-2.02)
<0.001
0.00%
;
Smoking
7
1.69 (1.46-1.96)
<0.001
0.00%
;
Alcohol drinking
6
1.71 (1.47-2.00)
<0.001
0.00%
;
BMI
5
1.74 (1.48-2.03)
<0.001
0.0%
;
Diabetes
3
1.80 (1.50-2.16)
<0.001
4.7%
;
Smoking+alcohol drinking
6
1.71 (1.47-2.00)
<0.001
0.00%
;
Smoking+alcohol drinking+sex+age
5
1.72 (1.47-2.02)
<0.001
0.00%
;
Smoking+alcohol drinking+sex+age+BMI+diabetes
3
1.80 (1.50-2.16)
<0.001
4.7%
;
Adjusted smoking factor
Amount of smoking
4
1.67 (1.40-1.99)
<0.001
0.0%
;
Duration of smoking
2
1.93 (1.05-3.57)
0.035
55.3%
; Egger’s test = /
Heter: heterogeneity; BMI: body mass index; : the number of studies; RR: risk ratio; : value for the risk ratio; “/”: not applicable because Egger’s test could not be conducted if the study number was only two.
