From the Performance to the Essence: The Biological Mechanisms of How Tantalum Contributes to Osteogenesis

Table 1

Summary of critical molecules and signaling pathway activated by Ta in osteogenesis.

Studies	Targeted molecules	Signaling pathways	Biological effect
Wauthle et al. [11], Kaivosoja et al. [25], Lu et al. [26], Hefni et al. [27]	BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP5, BMP7	BMP/Smad/Runx	Promote osteogenic differentiation and osteogenesis
Shi et al. [16], Hefni et al. [27]	TGF-β2, TGF-β3	TGF-β/Smad/Runx	Promote osteogenic differentiation
Sollazzo et al. [28], Shi et al. [16]	WISP3, β-catenin	Wnt/β-catenin	Promote osteogenesis
Lu et al. [22], Zhu et al. [29]	Integrin α5/β1, FAK	Integrin/ERK1/2	Promote osteogenic differentiation and osteogenesis
Wang et al. [30], Sollazzo et al. [28]	ROS, MAP3K2	MAPK	Promote osteogenesis
Wu et al. [17], Shi et al. [16]	OPG, RANKL	OPG/RANKL.RANK	Promote osteogenesis and inhibit osteoclastogenesis
Stiehler et al. [31]	ATM, ATR	p53 signaling pathway	Promote osteogenic differentiation
Kang et al. [32]	LC3B, P62	Autophagy	Promote proliferation