Pathology-Related Influences on the VEM: Three Years’ Experience since Implementation of a New Parameter in Phoniatric Voice Diagnostics

Table 2

Characteristics of vocal parameters considering gender, age, and pathology subgroups. The number () and percentage (%) of participants, as well as the mean values and standard deviations () for age (in years), highest frequency (F₀high in hertz), lowest intensity (SPLmin in decibel), maximum phonation time (MPT in seconds), jitter (in %), dysphonia severity index (DSI), vocal extent measure (VEM), and voice handicap index (VHI-9i) are displayed.

	Cohort I-VII	Subgroup I	Subgroup II	Subgroup III	Subgroup IV	Subgroup V	Subgroup VI	Subgroup VII
Participants (number, %)	994 (100%)	75 (7.5%)	263 (26.5%)	72 (7.2%)	123 (12.4%)	158 (15.9%)	224 (22.5%)	79 (8.0%)
Male	376 (37.8%)	65 (86.7%)	61 (23.2%)	44 (61.1%)	54 (43.9%)	59 (37.3%)	81 (36.2%)	12 (15.2%)
Female	618 (62.2%)	10 (13.3%)	202 (76.8%)	28 (38.9%)	69 (56.1%)	99 (62.7%)	143 (63.8%)	67 (84.8%)
Age (years, )
Male
Female
F0high (Hz, )
Male
Female
SPLmin (dB, )
Male
Female
MPT (s, )
Male
Female
Jitter (%, )
Male
Female
DSI ()
Male
Female
VEM ()
Male
Female
VHI-9i ()
Male
Female

Subgroup I—malignant pathologies, subgroup II—lesions of the lamina propria, subgroup III—benign changes of the epithelium, subgroup IV—inflammatory changes, subgroup V—neurogenic voice disorders, subgroup VI—functional disorders, and subgroup VII—healthy control group.