Roles and Clinical Applications of Exosomes in Cardiovascular Disease

Figure 1

The roles of exosomes in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Exosomes serve as the messengers exchanging bioinformation among cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cell, and the immune system. The molecules transported by exosomes regulate the hypertrophy, apoptosis, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and immune response in the recipient cells; those exerting adverse effects are depicted in red, while those depicted in green and black exert beneficial and neutral effects in the corresponding pathological process.