Effect of Astragalus membranaceus Oral Solution on Lifespan and Learning and Memory Ability of Honey Bees

Figure 1

Effect of Astragalus membranaceus oral solution on the survival rate of Apis mellifera workers. Bees were fed with different concentrations of Astragalus membranaceus oral solution (13.3%, 1.33%, or 0%) in three groups corresponding to three colors, respectively. Bees fed with 0% Astragalus membranaceus oral solution were used as control group. Different letters in the column of average lifespan indicate significant difference (). represents the sample size marked on the trend line.