Phloretin Modulates Human Th17/Treg Cell Differentiation In Vitro via AMPK Signaling

Figure 1

Glucose uptake and proliferation of CD4⁺ T cells were inhibited by phloretin. (a) Glucose uptake of anti-CD3/CD28-activated CD4⁺ T cells was measured using 2-NBDG staining and flow cytometry in the presence or absence of phloretin (25 μM, 50 μM, and 100 μM). and versus the control group; ^## and ^#### versus the 25 μM phloretin treatment group; ^ΔΔ versus the 50 μM phloretin treatment group (, ). (b) Cell proliferation of naïve and anti-CD3/CD28-activated CD4⁺ T cells was measured in the presence of phloretin (25, 50, and 100 μM) using CFSE staining kits and flow cytometry. and versus the control group; ^## and ^#### versus the 25 μM phloretin treatment group; ^ΔΔ versus the 50 μM phloretin treatment group (, ). (c) Cell cycle of naïve and anti-CD3/CD28-activated CD4⁺ T cells was measured in the presence of phloretin (25, 50, and 100 μM) using PI staining and flow cytometry. and versus the control group; ^# and ^#### versus the 25 μM phloretin treatment group; ^ΔΔ versus the 50 μM phloretin treatment group (, ). (a–c) The control group was treated with DMSO, and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test was used in each statistical analysis.

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