Association between Gout, Urate-Lowering Therapy, and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study

Table 2

Comparison of incidence and hazard ratio (HR) of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) stratified by sex, age, and comorbidity between with and without gout.

Variable	Gout
	No			Yes
	Event	PY	Rate^#	Event	PY	Rate^#	Crude HR (95% CI)	Adjusted HR^† (95% CI)
All	2,530	572,908	4.42	4,023	563,653	7.14	1.61 (1.53, 1.69)	1.30 (1.24, 1.38)
Sex
Female	832	165,876	5.02	1,460	162,322	8.99	1.79 (1.64, 1.95)	1.40 (1.28, 1.53)
Male	1,698	407,032	4.17	2,563	401,331	6.39	1.53 (1.44, 1.63)	1.26 (1.18, 1.34)
Stratify age
≤49	551	310,196	1.78	1,252	308,586	4.06	2.28 (2.07, 2.52)	1.66 (1.49, 1.84)
50-64	1,022	156,875	6.51	1,492	154,273	9.67	1.48 (1.37, 1.60)	1.18 (1.08, 1.29)
>65	957	105,836	9.04	1,279	100,794	12.7	1.40 (1.28, 1.51)	1.21 (1.11, 1.32)
Comorbidity^‡
No	1054	404549	2.61	847	243410	3.48	1.34 (1.22, 1.46)	1.58 (1.44, 1.73)
Yes	1476	168359	8.77	3176	320244	9.92	1.15 (1.08, 1.22)	1.25 (1.17, 1.33)

^#Rate: incidence rate, per 1,000 person-years; crude HR: crude hazard ratio. ^†Adjusted HR: multivariable analysis including age, sex, and comorbidities of hypertension, stroke, hyperlipidemia, COPD, CAD, alcohol-related illness, and asthma. ^‡Comorbidity: patients with any one of the comorbidities (hypertension, stroke, hyperlipidemia, COPD, CAD, alcohol-related illness, and asthma) were classified as the comorbidity group. ; ; .