Chronic Venous Disease Patients Showed Altered Expression of IGF-1/PAPP-A/STC-2 Axis in the Vein Wall

Figure 1

(a) Expression of mRNA for IGF-1 in CVeD (chronic venous disease) and HV (healthy controls) in arbitrary units. (b–d) Images showing immunostaining for IGF-1 in CVD patients in the three venous wall robes (asterisk) and CV. I: intimate robe; M: middle robe; A: adventitious robe.