To assess the prevalence of celiac disease in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and explore its presence in their first-degree relatives
Prospective study from 1 January 1993 to 31 December 1994 116 IDDM patients 381 first-degree relatives of IDDM patients
Serological markers, IgA and IgG antigliadin antibodies (AGA), and IgA antiendomysium antibodies (EMA) Jejunal biopsy of symptomatic patients
Prevalence of CD in IDDM patients was 16% to 20% (since not all patients with positive serological markers experienced jejunal biopsy, the prevalence can be considerably higher up to 20%) In 1st-degree relatives, 6.8% positive for one serological marker, while 3.4% had villous atrophy.
To estimate CD prevalence in clinically suspicious celiac disease patients and in patients with disorders considered to have an association with CD, such as autoimmune diseases
Hospital-based study Group 1 =145 patients (clinically suspected) Group 2 = 80 with autoimmune diseases Group 3 = 20 patients with IBD Group 4 = 100 heathy blood donors
IgA-EMA and intestinal biopsy of confirmed cases
, (all have autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD)), and .
To investigate the CD-related marker occurrence in Libyan children patients with DM
Cohort study conducted on 234 Libyan children with DM (age range 2 to 25 years) and 50 healthy children
IgA and IgG, AGA, anti-tTG, anticalreticulin antibodies, and EMA
50 (21.3%) positive for IgA and/or IgG-AGA, tTG, and anticalreticulin antibodies 19 of these were EMA positive 24 had biopsy-proven CD including EMA-negative patient with IgA deficiency Overall, CD prevalence found 10.3%
To examine celiac disease prevalence in young Saudi patients suffering from type I diabetes mellitus at “King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh”
Hospital-based research; 123 type 1 diabetic patients
Serum gliadin immunoglobulin (Ig) A and reticulin IgA antibody
Serology positive 10 (8.1%) 6 had jejunal biopsy and showed villus atrophy; thus, prevalence was 4.9%, based on biopsy results and antibodies.
Celiac disease prevalence among Egyptians with type 1 diabetes and the association with autoimmune thyroid disease
Case-control study design where case and control groups were compared 73 type 1 DM patients
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibodies to tTG
Prevalence of CD among type 1 DM patients was 5.48% positive anti-tTG antibodies Anti-tTG antibody testing was negative for patients with autoimmune thyroid disease.
To estimate celiac disease prevalence in AIH patients in Jordan and to determine patients at higher disease risk
Cross-sectional record-based review; 914 AIH patients (108 males and 806 females) aged 20–82 years
EMA IgA and IgG Duodenal biopsy
117 (12.8%) seropositive for CD. 39 (44.8%) out of 87 biopsy proven CD prevalence among patients with AIH was estimated to be 5.7% in comparison to seroprevalence of 12.8% Higher association was found between CD and years, vitamin B12 deficiency, anemia, and other autoimmune diseases for example, Addison disease, diabetes mellitus, and vitiligo.
To determine the seroprevalence of coexisting autoantibodies among patients with type 1 diabetes and to look for possible association with glycemic control, diabetes duration, and diagnosis at Aseer Central Hospital, Abha
Cross-sectional study 202 T1DM patients were included in this study
Anti-tTG, EMA
21 (10.4%) positive for both anti-tTG and EMA No significant association between the age at T1DM glycemic control, duration, and diagnosis and the autoantibody presence was observed.
To examine the implications and prevalence of celiac disease among Saudi adults and comparing it with diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome at Al-Iman General Hospital and Prince Salman Hospital, Riyadh
Prospective case-control study Subjects aged 20-60 980 adult patients Among them, 482 subjects were controls and 498 with IBS
Anti-tTG and EMA and biopsy
1.9% CD in control group 9.6% in IBS group 55 out of 980 patients were found to be positive for celiac disease.
To estimate the prevalence of CD in high-risk groups in Aseer (southwest region) and to determine its associations
Laboratory records (retrospective case-finding) 315 patients
Anti-tTG and EMA and biopsy
58 (18.4%) got a positive test for at least one antibody marker 17.5% positive for anti-tTG 15.6% positive for EMA 22 out of 40 biopsies were confirmed for CD Type 1 DM was the most common clinical illness related to these markers with the percentage 47% However, gastrointestinal presentations were observed to be only 11.5%.
To evaluate silent CD frequency in Iraqi patients’ sample with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Prospective cross-sectional from November 2008 to December 2009; 62 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus from age 8 to 42
IgA, anti-tTG-IgA, anti-tTG-IgG, EMA-IgG, and duodenal biopsy
11.2% in Iraqi patients with type 1 DM. 43.55% had Marsh 0 16.1% had Marsh I 0% had Marsh II 3.2% had Marsh IIIA 4.83% Marsh IIIB 3.2% Marsh IIIC For diagnostic purposes, EMA and tTG tests were found to be useful.
To study the association between occult celiac disease and iron deficiency anemia in Omani adults in Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat
Hospital-based study 51 patients
IgA, anti-tTG-IgA, anti-tTG-IgG, EMA-IgG, and duodenal biopsy
Mean Hb 9 with confirmed low ferritin. 2 patients positive IgA-tTG and IgA EMA and IgG tTG One patient biopsy done and showed villous atrophy. Prevalence considered being approximately 1 : 30 in iron deficiency patients and 1 in 200-300 affected in the general population.
To determine the prevalence of autoantibodies in diabetic patients in Qatar
Retrospective cross-sectional study, 490 pediatric patients aged 0.5-16 years
Anti-tTG IgA and anti-tTG IgG Biopsy
In 365 T1DM, 18 (5%) patients have positive anti-tTG IgA and 16 (4.3%) anti-tTG IgG antibodies. In 46 T2DM, anti-tTG IgA antibodies were found in 4 patients (8.7%), whereas no anti-tTG IgG antibodies detected in any patient. Mucosal biopsy proved celiac disease in 9 out of 12 patients (75%) with positive ATT IgA and IgG antibodies.
To determine the prevalence of CD in Down syndrome Saudi patients
Retrospective study, files of 91 pediatric patients for serological markers and biopsy results
Antigliadin antibody (AGA) IgA and IgG, EMA, IgA-tTG, and IgG-tTG antibodies
(i) AGA-IgA found in 32.14% (ii) AGA IgG in 52.38% (iii) EMA tested positive in 14.28% and negative in 69.04% (iv) Anti-tTG IgA was high in 15.5% (v) Serum IgA normal level found in 43% patients while low in 1.2%. Biopsy-confirmed cases of CD was 10.7%.
To determine the prevalence of CD in T1DM patient of Saudi Arabia
Cross-sectional study 218 T1DM patients with
Anti-tTG antibodies and duodenal biopsy
Raised anti-TTG levels found in 7.3% patients. Duodenal biopsies were done in 12 patients which showed (i) total villous atrophy 3.7% (ii) subtotal villous atrophy 0.8% Chronic duodenitis 0.8%
