Abstract
Women’s childbirth experience is an outcome indicator for evaluating maternity care. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (P-CEQ). The study recruited two hundred and fifty primiparous postpartum women in the 1-3 months following birth from one private and three public hospitals in Mazandaran province, Iran. First, face validity and content validity were evaluated. Moreover, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted, and discriminant validity was assessed by applying the known-groups method. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was measured to confirm the stability and Cronbach’s alpha to confirm the internal consistency. CFA also confirmed the values of fit indices (RMSEA = 0.05, SRMSR = 0.06, CFI >0.93, χ2/df = 1.80). ICC was 0.88 and Cronbach’s alpha for all items was 0.85. Furthermore, discriminant validity of the P-CEQ was approved given that it effectively differentiated women whose stay in the labor unit exceeded twelve hours from those with a shorter stay. The P-CEQ questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for assessing childbirth experiences. It is an easy-to-use questionnaire that can be used for evaluating quality of care in terms of women’s childbirth experience. It can be used in maternity services that aim to improve quality of care during labor and childbirth.
1. Introduction
Childbirth is an invaluable process that affects the health of women and their babies and their emotional connection, as well as sexual activity and the desire to have further children [1, 2]. A positive childbirth experience creates a positive attitude toward normal childbirth by creating a sense of control, power, satisfaction, and reassurance for women [3, 4]. The negative childbirth experience is linked to lower rates of breastfeeding, increased maternal-infant communication disorders at birth, and may lead to postpartum depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [5, 6]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued guidelines recognizing a “positive childbirth experience” as a significant endpoint for all women undergoing labor [2].
In recent years, significant reductions in maternal and newborn mortality rates have been reported in Iran, mostly due to increased birth facilities and skilled birth attendants [7]. However, a review of the existing literature in Iran shows that the medicalization of childbirth has led to increasing medical interventions and technologies including early admission in labor, stimulation and induction of labor, episiotomy, and caesarean section [8, 9]. It is believed that the next priority in this country should be to improve the quality of childbirth care and women’s childbirth experience and satisfaction [10].
There is consensus that women’s childbirth experience has an important impact on quality assessment and improvement [2, 11]. The first step in improving childbirth care is to evaluate women’s experience of childbirth. Therefore, there is a need for a valid and reliable tool. There are different tools for measuring the childbirth experience in different languages, but the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) [12] is a multidimensional tool that comprehensively evaluates women’s perceptions of childbirth care. The CEQ validation was carried out in England, Spain, and more recently in China [13–15] and is widely used to evaluate the experiences of women in childbirth. The original Swedish version of the CEQ [12] was translated into Persian by Abbaspoor et al. [16]. However, the process of evaluating its psychometric properties was incomplete. Therefore, there was a need to evaluate the psychometric properties and to adapt it to the Iranian context. This study evaluated the CEQ’s psychometric properties (validity and reliability) in Iran.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting
A cross-sectional study was conducted at one private and three public hospitals in Mazandaran province (North of Iran) from March to November 2019.
2.2. Sample Size Calculation
The sample size anticipated for the study was 220 women. This was based on a standard sample size which was ten times the number of items [17]. We also took missing items into consideration [18], and the final sample size was 250.
2.3. Sample and Procedure
The questionnaire was given to a convenience sample of women at discharge after childbirth. The eligible participant women comprised literate primiparous women aged over 18 years, undergoing vaginal birth and giving birth to a healthy baby without any complications at a gestational age at birth of 37-42 weeks after a singleton and full-term pregnancy. First, we contacted postpartum women at the time of discharge from the hospital and arranged the date of the interviews. The P-CEQ is a self-administered questionnaire and was completed by postpartum women 1-3 months after birth when they came to the health facilities to receive maternal and neonatal care. It took roughly 15-20 minutes to complete each questionnaire. Women’s obstetric characteristics were collected using their medical records.
2.4. CEQ Questionnaire
The original CEQ was developed in Sweden [12]. It consists of 4 subscales namely: own capacity (8 items), professional support (5 items), perceived safety (6 items), and participation (3 items). The items were scored on a 4-point Likert scale: (1) Totally agree, (2) Mostly agree, (3) Mostly disagree, and (4) Totally disagree. The items regarding labor pain and senses of control and security were scored 0-100 on a visual analogue scale, which was converted to 1-4 as in the other items. The CEQ’s scoring process has been detailed in literature [12].
2.5. Linguistic Validation
The original Swedish version [12] was translated into Persian by Abbaspoor et al. [16]. This Persian version was used with a few amendments to the items’ wording. The interpretations of “labor and childbirth” were kept in all the items. However, in the earlier translated version, only the translation of “childbirth” was included. Moreover, the translation of “depressed” in item nine (I felt depressed) reflected sadness rather than depression. Item fourteen (My midwife devoted adequate time to my partner), which was excluded from the previous Persian translation, was also kept in the P-CEQ by replacing “my partner” with “my accompanying person.”
2.6. Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties
First, face validity and content validity were evaluated, and then, construct validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis and discriminant validity. The reliability was assessed using internal consistency and test-retest.
2.6.1. Face and Content Validity
The face validity of this instrument was investigated both quantitatively and qualitatively. First, face validity was assessed by asking ten experts in midwifery and reproductive health to evaluate the questionnaire. Then, twenty nulliparous pregnant women attending health centers were asked to comment on the questionnaire in terms of appropriateness and relevance, ambiguity or possible misinterpretation of the phrases, and difficulty of the phrases and words. In the quantitative step, efforts were made to merge or eliminate similar phrases and to determine the importance of individual phrases as impact scores on the basis of a 5-point Likert scale. The items with an impact score exceeding 1.5 were found appropriate and kept for further analyses [19].
Additionally, content validity was confirmed on the basis of the experts’ comments and quantified based on the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and the Content Validity Index (CVI). CVRs of over 0.62, and CVIs of over 0.79 were considered valid [19].
2.6.2. Construct Validity
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was not used to evaluate the questionnaire’s factor structure, because we already had a model to test [12]. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was carried out instead. The fitness indices were used to assess the model’s fitness. The fitness of the model was confirmed using the following thresholds: normed chi-square χ2/df <5.0, RMSEA <0.08, SRMSEA <0.08, and CFI ≥0.90 [20, 21].
2.6.3. Discriminant Validity
The discriminant validity was evaluated by testing P-CEQ score differences between subgroups that were expected to differ in the key variables. The total score of the childbirth experience and its domains’ scores were therefore compared among the study samples, which differed by type of birth, labor duration [12, 22], and oxytocin augmentation [23]. Other items such as hospital type and perineal status after birth were compared between the study samples. Based on previous research, it was hypothesized that women with shorter labor time and without oxytocin augmentation were expected to have a better childbirth. The effect size was calculated based on Cohen’s description [24] and was computed as the difference between group mean scores divided by the pooled standard deviation of two groups. Values “between 0.2 and 0.5,” “between 0.5 and 0.8,” and “higher than 0.8” were considered low, moderate, and high, respectively [24]. The Mann–Whitney test was used to contrast the hypotheses [20].
2.6.4. Reliability
The reliability was determined using the internal consistency test (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient) and test-retest reliability [25, 26]. A Cronbach’s alpha of at least 0.70 was considered acceptable. The most acceptable test to determine stability is the intraclass correlation coefficient. Thus, test-retest reliability was measured using ICC, two-way mixed from a single measure [26]. To assess the reliability of the adapted version of the questionnaire in terms of stability, a subsample of 25 eligible women completed the questionnaire twice at a two-week interval. This formula was used for calculating ICC: [26], and ICC of 0.6 or above was acceptable.
2.7. Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics for Windows version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), Mplus7.4 and R X64 3.5.1 (psych package), and LISREL 8.8). The construct validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis. The Mann–Whitney test was used to contrast the hypotheses of discriminant validity [17, 20, 21].
2.8. Ethical Considerations
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Code: IR.SBMU.PHARMACY.REC.1397.028). First, permission was sought from the study hospitals. The research objectives were explained to the participants, and they were also assured of their right to withdraw from the study at any stage of the study. Those who agreed and signed the consent form participated in the study.
3. Results
3.1. Description of Sample
Out of 347 eligible participants, 250 (72%) women with a mean age of years consented to participate in the study. Labor lasted more than twelve hours in 27% of the participants, and 75% underwent episiotomy. Table 1 presents the demographic information of the participant women.
3.2. Descriptive Statistics of the P-CEQ
The mean score of the overall childbirth experience was . The mean scores of “own capacity,” “professional support,” “perceived safety,” and “participation” were , , , and , respectively.
3.3. Psychometric Properties
3.3.1. Face and Content Validity
Some of the items were slightly modified based on the experts’ comments during the face validity evaluation. Moreover, twenty nulliparous pregnant women identified all the items of the questionnaire to be transparent and easy to comprehend. The impact score ranged from 3.0 to 4.0 for each item (Table 2). According to the comments of ten experts, the impact scores of the items were calculated. The estimated CVI and CVR values were in the ranges of 0.83–1.00 and 0.80–1.00, respectively. All the items were therefore kept in the questionnaire (Table 2).
3.3.2. Construct Validity
The fitness of the CFA was required for the evaluation of the factor structures. Acceptable values of fit indices indicated a good model fit (RMSEA = 0.05, SRMSR = 0.06, GFI = 0.91, CFI >0.93, χ2/df = 1.80) (Table 3). Figure 1 illustrates the four-factor model of the P-CEQ. The minimum and maximum coefficients of the item-scale relationship were 0.36-0.92. Moreover, all coefficients of the item-scale relationship in the CFA were significant (), indicating that all items were significantly correlated with their factors.
3.3.3. Discriminant Validity
Discriminant validity was evaluated using the known-groups method and the independent Mann–Whitney U test to investigate the intergroup difference in the overall scores of childbirth experience and its domains. The total P-CEQ score and the scores of “own capacity” and “perceived safety” were significantly higher in the women with a shorter stay in the labor unit (less than 12 hours) than in those with a longer stay, suggesting small effect sizes. According to Table 4, no significant differences were observed in the total P-CEQ score and the scores of its domains between the women with or without oxytocin augmentation during labor (), hospital type (), type of birth (), and the state of the perineum following birth ().
3.3.4. Reliability Test
Cronbach’s alpha was estimated at 0.85 for the whole P-CEQ, 0.84 for “own capacity,” 0.69 for “participation,” 0.92 for “professional support,” and 0.78 for “perceived safety.” The overall ICC of the P-CEQ was 0.88, indicating that reliability for test-retesting was excellent, as shown in Table 5.
4. Discussion
This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the CEQ and adapted it to the Iranian culture with a similar internal consistency to its English version [13]. The P-CEQ was found to be a valid and reliable measure of childbirth experience among Iranian women. The total Cronbach’s alpha calculated for the P-CEQ was consistent with that obtained for its Spanish (0.88) and Chinese versions (0.88) compared to the Cronbach’s alpha obtained for the English version (0.90), although it was not reported for the Swedish version [12–15]. The fit indices were verified by the CFA performed in the present analysis, and items 9, 17, and 18 of the P-CEQ were weakly correlated with the given factors. This may indicate that the data conveyed by items 17 and 18 were also included in items 13 and 16. The insignificant correlation of item 18 can be explained by the participants’ inadequate understanding of this item and that of item 9 by its incompatibility with the setting and facilities of childbirth units in Iran.
Our study reported higher scores in those with a shorter stay in the labor unit, though the effect size was very small. However, the Swedish study [12] reported significantly higher scores for the domains of the CEQ in women with a longer labor and in those without oxytocin augmentation. The discrepancy in results can be related to differences in the childbirth context and the samples between Sweden and Iran. For instance, spontaneous onset of labor was reported in the majority of the Swedish women, whereas merely 12% underwent instrumental birth. The largest effect size was obtained through comparing spontaneous vaginal birth with instrumental childbirth (instrumental vaginal birth and cesarean section) in the study conducted in Sweden [12]. The present study did not address this factor given that it did not include women undergoing cesarean section and only seven out of the 250 participants in our study underwent instrumental vaginal birth.
The P-CEQ is a tool for evaluating women’s childbirth care experiences. Given that women are increasingly vulnerable to the onset or relapse of mental disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period, this screening tool may help providers to identify postpartum women with negative health experiences who are at risk of PTSD and serious mental disorders [27]. This may promote the long-term wellbeing of women and their babies [28] by supporting women at higher risk and referring them for nonpharmacological and psychopharmacological treatments [29].
5. Limitations
This study was carried out in both public and private hospitals that could be the strength of this study. Some clinical data such as the duration of labor (shorter or longer than 12 hours), oxytocin augmentation (use or no use), and the precise timing for the onset of labor were obtained using women’s medical records, which can be considered a limitation of this study. The participants of our study were primiparous women with low-risk pregnancies. Multiparous women and those with complicated pregnancies may have different experiences. Thus, the use of the P-CEQ in multiparous women and those with high-risk pregnancies is warranted.
6. Conclusions
The P-CEQ is a valid and reliable questionnaire for evaluating women’s experiences during labor and childbirth and can be used in settings that aim to improve the quality of care during labor and childbirth.
Data Availability
The data will be available on reasonable request from the corresponding author (FP).
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
Authors’ Contributions
As a self-funded project, this study was designed by the authors, who were also in charge of collecting, analyzing and interpreting the data and writing the manuscript. Samiyeh Kazemi, Farzaneh Pazandeh, Sedigheh Sedigh Mobarakabadi, Sepideh Hajian, and Ali Montazeri contributed to data collection and data analysis. They also contributed to drafting and revising the paper. Anna Dencker had substantial contribution to conception and design of the study and drafting the paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to all the postpartum women for their collaboration and time devoted to participating in this study.